{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:33:02Z","timestamp":1777923182208,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]],"date-time":"2016-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Ind Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Accidental or intentional releases of toxic gases can have significant public health consequences and emergency resource demands. Management of exposed individuals during hazardous material incidents should be risk and evidence based, but there are knowledge gaps in relation to dermal absorption of gases and management advice for potentially exposed individuals. Using a modified Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in vitro toxicology protocol with human donor skin, this article reports on two common and odorous chemicals, hydrogen sulphide and phosphine. Results show that undamaged human skin provides a good barrier to hydrogen sulphide (up to 800 ppm) and phosphine (up to 1000 ppm) penetration for up to 30 min exposures, with little variability in the presence of clothing or in elevated temperature and humidity conditions. A practical guideline template for skin decontamination has been developed, and implications of the research for first responders are outlined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233716630646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,3]],"date-time":"2016-03-03T23:04:05Z","timestamp":1457046245000},"page":"289-296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Hydrogen sulphide and phosphine interactions with human skin\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Sharyn","family":"Gaskin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dino","family":"Pisaniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John W","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Environment, School of the Environment, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Scientific Branch, Queensland Fire and Emergency Services, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Defence, Technical Support Working Group, Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office, US Government, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0748233716630646","volume-title":"Mass Casualties and Health Care following the Release of Toxic Chemicals or Radioactive Material","author":"Baker DJ","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr2-0748233716630646","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600751115"},{"key":"bibr3-0748233716630646","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207230802361240"},{"key":"bibr4-0748233716630646","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233712448112"},{"key":"bibr5-0748233716630646","first-page":"26","volume":"15","author":"Chilcott R","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemical Hazards Poisons Report"},{"key":"bibr6-0748233716630646","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.02.006"},{"key":"bibr7-0748233716630646","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2003.10.004"},{"key":"bibr8-0748233716630646","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(98)00114-8"},{"key":"bibr9-0748233716630646","first-page":"63","volume":"1","author":"Edwards J","year":"2003","journal-title":"Applied Environmental Science and Public Health"},{"key":"bibr10-0748233716630646","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2004.01.003"},{"key":"bibr11-0748233716630646","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2026.1992.tb00072.x","volume":"4","author":"Fatovich D","year":"1992","journal-title":"Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"bibr12-0748233716630646","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2009.00650.x"},{"key":"bibr13-0748233716630646","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.02.048"},{"key":"bibr14-0748233716630646","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.09.040"},{"key":"bibr15-0748233716630646","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2013.859193"},{"key":"bibr16-0748233716630646","volume-title":"Phosphine. 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