{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:33:15Z","timestamp":1777923195170,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,25]],"date-time":"2017-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508889600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Ind Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Chromium oxide nanoparticles (Cr\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs) have a wide range of applications in industry. They are used as pigments, catalysts, wear-resistant or high-temperature-resistant coating material and are used in liquid crystal displays. In view of ever escalating use of NPs, risk assessment becomes obligatory to ensure the safety of both human health and the ecosystem. The present study was designed and conducted to evaluate biochemical changes and histopathological alterations in kidneys and brain of rats, following exposure to Cr\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs. Male Wistar rats were divided into low-dose (50 \u00b5g\/100 g body weight (bwt) groups and high-dose (200 \u00b5g\/100 g bwt) groups. Each group type received oral administration of Cr\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs for multiple durations (single dosing, once daily for 7 days and once daily for 14 days, respectively). According to our data, this allotment presented a meaningful picture of NPs behaviour in different scenarios. In the kidneys and brain of Cr\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs-exposed animals, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration along with a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels, as compared to controls. Histopathological changes in these organs confirmed cellular injury and functional damage due to exposure to Cr\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs. In this study, we have distinguished pathological alterations consequent to deleterious oxidative stress due to enhanced ROS generation after Cr\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs exposure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233717735266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,25]],"date-time":"2017-10-25T23:10:25Z","timestamp":1508973025000},"page":"911-921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Chromium oxide nanoparticle\u2013induced biochemical and histopathological alterations in the kidneys and brain of Wistar rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Ravish","family":"Fatima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kafil","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M Mobarak","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riaz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-860X(99)00508-6"},{"key":"bibr2-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2009.06.021"},{"key":"bibr3-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.15.199","volume":"11","author":"Alarifi S","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Nanomedicine"},{"key":"bibr4-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2016-0001","volume":"11","author":"Alarifi S","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Nanomedicine"},{"key":"bibr5-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(89)90071-3"},{"key":"bibr6-0748233717735266","volume-title":"European Coating Handbook, Hannover","author":"Brock T","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr7-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2981433"},{"key":"bibr8-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1979.59.3.527"},{"key":"bibr9-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1414"},{"key":"bibr10-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2004.12.021"},{"key":"bibr11-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006676-200301000-00005"},{"key":"bibr12-0748233717735266","first-page":"1297","volume":"63","author":"Cullen JJ","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"bibr13-0748233717735266","first-page":"G737","volume":"266","author":"Czaja MJ","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"bibr14-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M605063200"},{"key":"bibr15-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(59)90090-6"},{"key":"bibr16-0748233717735266","volume-title":"Paper for discussion prepared by the UK Department of Health and MAFF, EVM\/99\/26","author":"Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EGVM","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr17-0748233717735266","first-page":"169","author":"Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EGVM","year":"2002","journal-title":"August 2002, London"},{"key":"bibr18-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1566"},{"key":"bibr19-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1243304"},{"key":"bibr20-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.01.028"},{"key":"bibr21-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/047167558X.ch12"},{"key":"bibr22-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.1143"},{"key":"bibr23-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)80066-N"},{"key":"bibr24-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.04.015"},{"key":"bibr25-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2009.09.007"},{"key":"bibr26-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3104842"},{"key":"bibr27-0748233717735266","unstructured":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR, 2009) Nutrient requirements and recommended dietary allowances for Indians. A Report of the Expert Group of the Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Nutrition (icmr.nic.in)."},{"key":"bibr28-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408440903453074"},{"key":"bibr29-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20399"},{"key":"bibr30-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701874663"},{"key":"bibr31-0748233717735266","first-page":"53","volume":"1","author":"Kunwar A","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Medical and Allied Sciences"},{"key":"bibr32-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.06.026"},{"key":"bibr33-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.20107"},{"key":"bibr34-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2011.620717"},{"key":"bibr35-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(00)01976-6"},{"key":"bibr36-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.01.028"},{"key":"bibr37-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.26.15703"},{"key":"bibr38-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10216"},{"key":"bibr39-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6"},{"key":"bibr40-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x"},{"key":"bibr41-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(00)00306-1"},{"key":"bibr42-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.68.5.1024"},{"key":"bibr43-0748233717735266","first-page":"15","volume":"46","author":"Nakazawa J","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"bibr44-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02712155"},{"key":"bibr45-0748233717735266","unstructured":"National Research Council (US) (2005) Mineral Tolerance of Animals: Second Revised Edition. Washington: National Academies Press, 2005."},{"key":"bibr46-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114397"},{"key":"bibr47-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7339"},{"key":"bibr48-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3"},{"key":"bibr49-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760400017376"},{"key":"bibr50-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701493282"},{"key":"bibr51-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2007.387"},{"key":"bibr52-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2005.06.012"},{"key":"bibr53-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es0500052"},{"key":"bibr54-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c4nr01234h"},{"key":"bibr55-0748233717735266","first-page":"17","volume":"3","author":"Shibanuma M","year":"1988","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"bibr56-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.03.023"},{"key":"bibr57-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07985.x"},{"key":"bibr58-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.11-70"},{"key":"bibr59-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1116\/1.3582324"},{"key":"bibr60-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2007.909005"},{"key":"bibr61-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2000.279.6.L1005"},{"key":"bibr62-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1827.1999.00829.x"},{"key":"bibr63-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-007-9245-3"},{"key":"bibr64-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2006.12.001"},{"key":"bibr65-0748233717735266","first-page":"361","volume":"2","author":"Weydert C","year":"2003","journal-title":"Molecular Cancer Therapeutics"},{"key":"bibr66-0748233717735266","volume-title":"Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr67-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl061025k"},{"key":"bibr68-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1.3082378"},{"key":"bibr69-0748233717735266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.6000\/1927-5951.2013.03.04.3","volume":"3","author":"Zaitseva NV","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences"}],"container-title":["Toxicology and Industrial Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0748233717735266","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0748233717735266","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0748233717735266","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:41:12Z","timestamp":1777668072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0748233717735266"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,25]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0748233717735266"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0748233717735266","relation":{},"ISSN":["0748-2337","1477-0393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0748-2337","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,25]]}}}