{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:34:24Z","timestamp":1777923264222,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Ind Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are being used extensively in manufacturing skin lotions and food products and in various biological and pharmaceutical industries because of their immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties. In this study, ZnONPs were synthesized by a precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy to investigate their structural, morphological, and optical properties. For in vivo evaluation, 40 healthy albino mice were randomly allocated to four equal groups among which the first one was the control group, while the second, third, and fourth were treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), a blend of CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    and ZnONPs, and ZnONPs alone, respectively, for 21 days. The XRD analysis confirmed hexagonal wurtzite type structures having an average crystallite size of 41.54 nm. The morphology of ZnONPs analyzed through SEM showed uniform distribution of the grains and shape of the synthesized oxide. The energy band gap of the ZnONPs was found to be 3.498 eV. Hepatic and renal damage following CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    administration was apparent after 14 days and was increased at the 21st day, showing nodular fibrotic masses in the liver and bumpy surfaces in the kidney as observed by gross and histological examination. Coadministration of ZnONPs (15 mg\/kg b.w. intragastrically 5 days a week) significantly prevented the CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    -dependent increases in alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, creatinine, and urea levels, suggesting a protective potential of ZnONPs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233718793508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T21:23:29Z","timestamp":1537305809000},"page":"753-763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of zinc oxide nanoparticles formulation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Zulfia","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 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