{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:35:06Z","timestamp":1777923306855,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Industrial Minerals Association - North America"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Ind Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Workers involved in crushing, milling, screening, and bagging of mica scrap are at increased risk to develop pneumoconiosis, a progressive material overloading of the lung that can lead to fibrosis and, in the later stages, to dyspnea. Pneumoconiosis is only seen after 10\u201320\u00a0years of respiratory mica exposure, and it can have a latency period of up to 40\u00a0years\u2014today\u2019s cases date back to exposures during the second half of the 20\n                    <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                    century. An occupational lifetime exposure level of 3\u00a0mg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    respirable mica dust has been considered to present no risk of pneumoconiosis since 1951 when the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) established a 20 million particles per cubic foot (mppcf) (3.5\u00a0mg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    respirable particles) exposure limit. As a result, numbers of unspecified and other pneumoconioses in the United States have steadily declined since the early 1970s. Data from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health documents a 91% decrease between 1972 and 2014 (i.e., the peak of documented cases and the latest reported data) for combined cases of aluminosis, berylliosis, stannosis, siderosis, and fibrosis from production and use of bauxite, graphite fibers, wollastonite, cadmium, Portland cement, emery, kaolin, antimony, and mica. Ample evidence indicates that the 70-year-old occupational lifetime exposure level of 3\u00a0mg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    respirable mica dust is protective of workers\u2019 health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/07482337211062281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T08:38:06Z","timestamp":1646123886000},"page":"63-69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Demonstrating the protective effect of a 70-year-old occupational exposure limit against pneumoconiosis caused by mica"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0647-785X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristian W","family":"Fried","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integral Consulting Inc., Portland, ME, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul C","family":"DeLeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integral Consulting Inc., Portland, ME, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-07482337211062281","volume-title":"Mica (CAS Number: 12001-26-2)","author":"ACGIH","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr2-07482337211062281","volume-title":"Mica (CAS Number: 12001-26-2). Mica: TLV\u00ae Chemical Substances 9th Edition Documentation","author":"ACGIH","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr3-07482337211062281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2003.012609"},{"key":"bibr4-07482337211062281","volume-title":"The Determination and Control of Industrial Dust. U.S. Treasury Department, Public Health Service, Public Health Bulletin No. 217","author":"Bloomfield JJ","year":"1935"},{"key":"bibr5-07482337211062281","unstructured":"Cal\/OSHA (2020) Table AC-1, Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs), in California Code of Regulations (CCR) Title 8 Section 5155. Online: California Division of Occupational Safety and Health. http:\/\/www.dir.ca.gov\/title8\/5155table_ac1.html (accessed 12 October 2021)."},{"issue":"28","key":"bibr6-07482337211062281","first-page":"627","volume-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report","volume":"53","author":"CDC","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr7-07482337211062281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.261055070"},{"key":"bibr8-07482337211062281","volume-title":"Environment and Quality of Life, Reports of the Scientific Committee on Cosmetology (Seventh Series)","author":"Commission of the European Communities","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr9-07482337211062281","first-page":"22","volume":"40","author":"Davies D","year":"1983","journal-title":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine"},{"key":"bibr10-07482337211062281","volume-title":"Pneumoconiosis Among Mica and Pegmatite Workers. Public Health Bulletin No. 250","author":"Dreessen WC","year":"1940"},{"key":"bibr11-07482337211062281","volume-title":"2007 Code of Practice for the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Chemical Agents) Regulations 2001 (S.I. No. 619 or 2001)","author":"Health and Safety Authority","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr12-07482337211062281","volume-title":"EH40\/2005 Workplace Exposure Limits","author":"Health and Safety Executive","year":"2020","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr13-07482337211062281","unstructured":"Health Council of The Netherlands (2000). Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits. Health-Based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits. Mica (CAS Reg. Nr: 12001-26-2). No. 1999\/15OSH011. The Hague, The Netherlands. Available at: https:\/\/www.healthcouncil.nl\/binaries\/healthcouncil\/documents\/advisory-reports\/2000\/12\/14\/mica\/advisory-report-health-based-reassessment-of-the-current-administrative-occupational-exposure-limit-in-the-netherlands-mica.pdf"},{"key":"bibr14-07482337211062281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000004"},{"key":"bibr15-07482337211062281","volume-title":"Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust, and Para-Aramid Fibrils. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 68","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr16-07482337211062281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.10342"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr17-07482337211062281","first-page":"1","volume-title":"National Vital Statistics Reports: From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System","volume":"65","author":"Kochanek KD","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr18-07482337211062281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/144.3_Pt_1.718"},{"key":"bibr19-07482337211062281","volume-title":"Workplace Safety and Health Act (Chapter 354A, Section 65) Workplace Safety and Health (General Provisions) Regulations. Revised Edition 2009","author":"Minister of Manpower","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr20-07482337211062281","volume-title":"Current Occupational Exposure Limits for Ontario Workplaces Required under Regulation 833","author":"Ministry of Labour","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr21-07482337211062281","volume-title":"The Work-Related Lung Disease Surveillance reportPublication Number 2008-143a","author":"NIOSH","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr22-07482337211062281","volume-title":"Work-Related Lung Disease Surveillance System (eWoRLD). 2017-919","author":"NIOSH","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr23-07482337211062281","volume-title":"Work-Related Lung Disease Surveillance System (eWoRLD). 2017-895","author":"NIOSH","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr24-07482337211062281","volume-title":"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards","author":"NIOSH","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr25-07482337211062281","volume-title":"Occupational Respiratory Disease Surveillance","author":"NIOSH","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr26-07482337211062281","volume-title":"Air Contaminants. 29 CFR 1910.1000 [82 FR 2735, January 9, 2017]","author":"OSHA","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr27-07482337211062281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000125"},{"key":"bibr28-07482337211062281","volume-title":"Workplace Exposure Standards for Airborne Contaminants","author":"Safe Work Australia","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr29-07482337211062281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2250"},{"key":"bibr30-07482337211062281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2397847318822137"},{"key":"bibr31-07482337211062281","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Advances in Air Sampling, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists","author":"Tomb TF","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr32-07482337211062281","volume-title":"National Minerals Information Center, Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States","author":"U.S. Geological Survey"},{"key":"bibr33-07482337211062281","volume-title":"Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States","author":"U.S. Geological Survey","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr34-07482337211062281","volume-title":"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2021","author":"U.S. Geological Survey","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr35-07482337211062281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2004.10.3.278"},{"key":"bibr36-07482337211062281","first-page":"11","volume":"12","author":"Vestal TF","year":"1943","journal-title":"Industrial Medicine and Surgery"},{"key":"bibr37-07482337211062281","volume-title":"Workplace Exposure Standards and Biological Exposure Indices","author":"WorkSafe New Zealand","year":"2019","edition":"11"},{"key":"bibr38-07482337211062281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198911000-00014"},{"key":"bibr39-07482337211062281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-106074"},{"key":"bibr40-07482337211062281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.10032"}],"container-title":["Toxicology and Industrial Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/07482337211062281","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/07482337211062281","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/07482337211062281","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:43:18Z","timestamp":1777668198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/07482337211062281"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/07482337211062281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07482337211062281","relation":{},"ISSN":["0748-2337","1477-0393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0748-2337","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}}}