{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:07:57Z","timestamp":1787018877427,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006789","name":"Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007824","name":"American Chemistry Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Ind Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The focus on occupational exposures in the first published risk evaluations of existing chemicals by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the amended Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) puts a welcome spotlight on protecting the health of workers in the United States. Because new, fit-for-purpose occupational exposure assessment methodologies were developed by EPA, the objective of this analysis was to evaluate these methodologies in light of other existing occupational risk assessment frameworks. We focused our analysis on three chlorinated chemicals (methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride, perchloroethylene). The EPA\u2019s methods were evaluated relative to peer-reviewed and professional organizations\u2019 guidelines for conducting site- and facility-based exposure assessment. Analyses of several key phases in the EPA approach were conducted to evaluate the effect of alternative approaches on exposure estimates. The revised exposure estimates using these alternative approaches yielded substantially different exposure estimates from those in the TSCA risk evaluations for these chemicals. The results also demonstrated the importance of utilizing a tiered approach to exposure estimation that includes collecting qualitative data, defining similar exposure groups, and integrating well-parameterized models with empirical data. These approaches aid in preventing mischaracterization of exposures and generating exposure estimates representative of current industrial practices. Collaboration among industry, EPA, and other government agencies to develop a harmonized approach to exposure assessment would improve the methodological rigor of, and increase stakeholder confidence in, the results of TSCA risk evaluations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/07482337221145988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T09:24:46Z","timestamp":1674120286000},"page":"169-182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Strategies for refinement of occupational inhalation exposure evaluation in the EPA TSCA risk evaluation process"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6140-3482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather N.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stantec (ChemRisk), Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura H.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stantec (ChemRisk), Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire M.","family":"Hamaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stantec (ChemRisk), San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stantec (ChemRisk), Blue Ash, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr2-07482337221145988","volume-title":"IH Mod 2.0TM","author":"American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr3-07482337221145988","volume-title":"The Occupational Environment: Its Evaluation, Control and Management","author":"Anna DH","year":"2011","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr4-07482337221145988","unstructured":"Armstrong TW, Keil CB, Simmons CE, et al. (2009) Air Dispersion Plume Models. Mathematical Models for Estimating Occupational Exposures to Chemicals. 2nd Edition. American Industrial Hygiene Association, pp. 153\u2013156."},{"key":"bibr5-07482337221145988","unstructured":"CRC Industries (2018) CRC (NZ) 5088, 5089 Brakleen (Aerosol): Safety Data Sheet According to HSNO Regulations. Version 7.1.1.1. Aukland, New Zealand: CRC Industries."},{"key":"bibr6-07482337221145988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2015.1060325"},{"key":"bibr7-07482337221145988","volume-title":"Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment. Chapter R.14: Occupational Exposure Asessment Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment. Version 3, August, 2016. ECHA-16-G-09-EN","author":"ECHA","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr122-07482337221145988","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EPA (1982) \u00a7702.33 Definitions. 47 FR 2773.","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9112\/33\/2\/009"},{"key":"bibr121-07482337221145988","unstructured":"EPA (1994) National Emission Standards for Organic Hazardous Air Pollutants for Equipment Leaks, Subpart H: \u00a7 63.160 Applicability and designation of source. 59 FR 19568, Apr. 22, 1994."},{"key":"bibr8-07482337221145988","volume-title":"Application of Systemic Review in TSCA Risk Evaluations","author":"EPA","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr9-07482337221145988","volume-title":"Guidelines for Human Exposure Assessment","author":"EPA","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr10-07482337221145988","unstructured":"EPA (2020a) Final Risk Evaluation for Methylene Chloride. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention. EPA Document# EPA-740-R1-8010). Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/production\/files\/2020-06\/documents\/1_mecl_risk_evaluation_final.pdf"},{"key":"bibr120-07482337221145988","unstructured":"EPA (2020b). Final Risk Evaluation for Carbon Tetrachloride. CASRN: 56EPA-23740-5. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)-Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention.EPA Document# -R1-8014"},{"key":"bibr11-07482337221145988","volume-title":"Risk Evaluation for Perchloroethylene","author":"EPA","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr12-07482337221145988","unstructured":"EPA (2020d) Final Risk Evaluation for Perchloroethylene. Systematic Review Supplemental File: Releases and and Occupational Exposure Assessment. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention. Available from: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-12\/documents\/16_pce_supplemental_information_file_releases_and_occupational_exposure_assessment.pdf"},{"key":"bibr13-07482337221145988","unstructured":"EPA (2020e) Final Risk Evaluation for Methylene Chloride. Systematic Review Supplemental File: Data Quality Evaluation of Environmental Releases and Occupational Exposure Common Sources. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention. Available from: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/production\/files\/2020-06\/documents\/5_mecl_supplemental_data_quality_evaluation_of_environmental_releases_and_occupational_exposure_common_sources.pdf"},{"key":"bibr14-07482337221145988","unstructured":"EPA (2020f) Final Risk Evaluation for Carbon Tetrachloride. Supplemental Information on Releases and Occupational Exposure Assessment. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention. Available from: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/production\/files\/2020-10\/documents\/4._ccl4_supplemental_file_information_on_releases_and_occupational_exposure_assessment.pdf"},{"key":"bibr16-07482337221145988","volume-title":"Draft Systematic Review Protocol Supporting TSCA Risk Evaluations for Chemical Substances Version 1.0: A Generic TSCA Systematic Review Protocol with Chemical-specific Methodologies","author":"EPA","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr17-07482337221145988","volume-title":"National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Compliance Monitoring","author":"EPA","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr18-07482337221145988","volume-title":"Comments to EPA Re: Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0231","author":"Finkel AM","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr19-07482337221145988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2018.1467017"},{"key":"bibr20-07482337221145988","unstructured":"HSIA (2018) Comment to docket No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0732-0097 (PCE). 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