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We investigated the possible toxic effects of the glyphosate active compound and its commercial formulation (Roundup Star\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) in the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line, including their effects on the cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and expression of oxidative stress-related genes such as HO-1, Hsp70 Nrf2, L-FABP, and Keap1. MTT and NRU tests indicated that the IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values of Roundup Star\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    were 219 and 140\u00a0\u03bcM, respectively, and because glyphosate failed to induce cell death at the studied concentrations, an IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    value could not be determined for this cell line. Roundup Star at concentrations of 50 and 100\u00a0\u03bcM significantly increased (39.58% and 52%, respectively) cell proliferation, which 200\u00a0\u03bcM of glyphosate increased by 35.38%. ROS levels increased by 27.97% and 44.77% for 25 and 100\u00a0\u03bcM of Roundup Star and 32.74% and 38.63% for 100 and 200\u00a0\u03bcM of glyphosate exposure. In conclusion, Roundup Star and glyphosate significantly increased expression levels of selected genes related to the mitogen-activated protein kinase\/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK\/ERK) signaling pathway. This suggests that ROS production and the MAPK\/ERK signaling pathway may be key molecular mechanisms in the toxicity of glyphosate in liver cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/07482337221149571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T10:48:35Z","timestamp":1673347715000},"page":"81-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Alterations in cell viability, reactive oxygen species production, and modulation of gene expression involved in mitogen\u2013activated protein kinase\/extracellular regulating kinase signaling pathway by glyphosate and its commercial formulation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8701-7985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toghrul","family":"Mehtiyev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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