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Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were exposed to 1000 \u00b1 50\u00a0ppm toluene and\/or 100 \u00b1 5\u00a0dB noise for 14 consecutive days. Exposure to noise and toluene changed a number of parameters of white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), and platelets on different days after the exposure. Simultaneous exposure to noise and toluene increased WBC, and exposure to noise and toluene alone decreased RBC. Exposure to noise and toluene alone increased basophile, monocyte, and neutrophil counts. The coefficient of variation of red blood cell distribution width (RDW-CV) and the standard deviation of red blood cell distribution width (RDW-SD) significantly increased after co-exposure to noise and toluene. Platelet levels increased in the noise-exposed and the co-exposed groups and decreased in the toluene-exposed group. Furthermore, co-exposure to noise and toluene induced dissimilar synergistic and antagonistic effects on the hematological indices. According to the results of this study, simultaneous exposure to toluene and noise can aggravate some hematotoxic effects compared to exposure to noise or toluene alone. The results also demonstrated the vital role of the modulatory mechanisms of the body in controlling the detrimental effects of stressors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/07482337231180404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]],"date-time":"2023-06-11T23:30:15Z","timestamp":1686526215000},"page":"451-463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hematotoxicity induced by simultaneous exposure to noise and toluene in New Zealand white rabbits: Synergistic and antagonistic effects"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5975-661X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirreza","family":"Abouee-Mehrizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 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