{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:36:11Z","timestamp":1777923371550,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Ind Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>E-waste contains over a thousand different substances, most of which are toxic and hazardous to human health. This study aimed to determine the blood levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) among e-waste workers, and the possible health symptoms associated with chronic low dose occupational exposure to e-wastes. This was a cross-sectional study carried out among 80 individuals aged 25 years and above. Forty-two of the participants were e-waste workers and 38 were non-e-waste workers. Demographic characteristics and anthropometric data were obtained from each participant. Blood lead levels (BLLs) and blood cadmium levels (BCLs) were measured in all the participants using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The mean BLL and BCL were significantly higher in the e-waste workers than in the non-e-waste workers. Most of the e-waste workers (76.2%) performed phone and laptop repairs. They reported chest pain (19.0%), abdominal pain (9.5%), throat irritation (2.4%), and cough (9.5%) as common symptoms experienced at work. Many of the e-waste cohort (73.8%) worked in poorly ventilated rooms and many (95.2%) were also involved in crude and unregulated e-waste recycling processes. In conclusion, the results from our study suggested that elevated BLL and BCL in the e-waste workers were from occupational exposure associated with crude e-waste recycling processes, and these elevated levels were probably associated with the adverse health effects in this group of workers. Continuous training and awareness of safe occupational practices is highly recommended among the e-waste workers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/07482337261428663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T18:54:53Z","timestamp":1771872893000},"page":"137-145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cadmium and lead in occupationally exposed e-waste workers: Health implications"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Olubayo Michael","family":"Akinosun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ibadan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayobola Abimbola","family":"Sonuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lead City University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bukola Fasilat","family":"Ayoola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ibadan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5951-3703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oyebola Oluwagbemiga","family":"Sonuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ibadan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11070580"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-024-00422-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44371-024-00075-x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Assessment of natural ventilation in multi-storey residential in Abuja, Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Adedayo SM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adedayo SM, Lawal LAT (2023) Assessment of natural ventilation in multi-storey residential in Abuja, Nigeria. Journal of Built Environment and Geological Research 2(2): 48\u201358.","journal-title":"Journal of Built Environment and Geological Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1375137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-021-09165-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-023-01113-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.643972"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-024-00410-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108554558.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.116232"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186620"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","unstructured":"Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. State reportable conditions assessment. Available at: https:\/\/www.cste.org\/page\/SRCA (Accessed 2\/6\/2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12120875"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","article-title":"Mechanism and health effects of heavy metal toxicity in humans","author":"Engwa AG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Engwa AG, Udoka FP, Nweke NF, et al. (2019) Mechanism and health effects of heavy metal toxicity in humans. IntechOpen. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.82511","journal-title":"IntechOpen"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148477"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","first-page":"66","article-title":"Exploring the environmental impact of E-Waste and recycling technologies","volume":"23","author":"Gawai KJ","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gawai KJ, Gudadhe SK, Manik VS (2025) Exploring the environmental impact of E-Waste and recycling technologies. Multidisciplinary Research in Arts, Science & Commerce 23: 66.","journal-title":"Multidisciplinary Research in Arts, Science & Commerce"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36347\/sjams.2025.v13i03.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-020-00878-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.120659"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jordyn AH Laurent D Francois L et al. (2024) Low-level chronic ingestion of lead and cadmium: The unspoken danger for at-risk populations Journal of Hazardous Materials Volume 478 135361 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135361"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","first-page":"475","article-title":"Assessment of personal protective equipment usage amongst e-waste handlers","volume":"1","author":"Juyal A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Juyal A, Kaur J, Khatri A (2019) Assessment of personal protective equipment usage amongst e-waste handlers. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry SP1: 475\u2013477. https:\/\/www.phytojournal.com\/","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.5c00099"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40557-017-0179-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2018-0229"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.160148.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168488"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111888"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoem.IJOEM_231_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (2005) OSHA Quick Card. Protect yourself construction personal protective equipment (PPE). OSHA 3289. Available online at: https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/Publications\/construction_ppe.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40370"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00263-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2024.114340"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12060388"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazadv.2022.100094"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2024.114340"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001697"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21578-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-024-04508-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21826"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2020.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101837"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/intox-2015-0009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105122"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazadv.2025.100610"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177700"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2023.117312"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-023-01307-0"}],"container-title":["Toxicology and Industrial Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/07482337261428663","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/07482337261428663","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/07482337261428663","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:44:52Z","timestamp":1777668292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/07482337261428663"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/07482337261428663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07482337261428663","relation":{},"ISSN":["0748-2337","1477-0393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0748-2337","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]}}}