{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:36:34Z","timestamp":1777923394021,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,1,1]],"date-time":"1989-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":599616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Ind Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The alkylbenzenes are a class of six-membered ring aromatic compounds that have a variety of alkyl groups attached. These chemicals are liquids with relatively low boiling points used primarily as solvents or as starting materials in the synthesis of other chemicals and drugs. They are integral components of gasoline, distillate fuels and other petroleum products and are economically important in the chemical, petroleum, pharmaceutical, polymer, paint and dye industries. Alkylbenzenes such as toluene, the xylenes, ethylbenzene, styrene and cumene are produced and utilized in large quantities and therefore, present the possibility of exposure to humans and to wildlife. Fortunately, the toxicity of alkylbenzenes has been found to be rather low and therefore, the human and environmental risks are probably low. In modern industrial activities, exposures to the alkylbenzenes are minimized by workplace controls or personal protective equipment which meet guidelines for maximum allowable exposure concentrations that have been established for the workplace. Nevertheless, considerable quantities of alkylbenzenes are released to the environment each year through solvent and fuel evaporation, accidental spills and misuse, and considerable toxicological infonnationfor these materials has appeared in the recent literature. This present paper, the second in a series reviewing the potential health effects of alkylbenzenes, covers the toxicology and disposition of the dimethyl-substituted benzenes (the .xylenes) in animals and man.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/074823378900500108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]],"date-time":"2013-09-09T18:32:25Z","timestamp":1378751545000},"page":"85-105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Health Effects of the Alkylbenzenes. II. Ylenes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Lawrence K.","family":"Low","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Health Science Laboratory Mobil Oil Corporation Princeton, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Ralph","family":"Meeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Health Science Laboratory Mobil Oil Corporation Princeton, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl R.","family":"Mackerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Health Science Laboratory Mobil Oil Corporation Princeton, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2707"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(70)90074-8"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"47","volume":"19","author":"Bardodej, Z.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta. Univ. Carol. Med., Suppl"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Barlow, S.M. and Sullivan, F.M. (1982). Reproductive Hazards of Industrial Chemicals - An Evaluation of Animal and Human Data, pp. 592-599. Academic Press , New York."},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"276","volume":"7","author":"Batchelor, J.J.","year":"1927","journal-title":"Amer. J. Hyg"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1964.10663919","volume":"9","author":"Battig, K.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/6.5.238"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"44","volume":"1","author":"Berenblaum, I.","year":"1941","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2687","volume":"5","author":"Bergman, K.","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"304","volume":"38","author":"Bieniek, G.","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Ind. Med"},{"key":"atypb11","first-page":"805","volume":"40","author":"Bonnet P.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch. Mal. Prof. Med"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(81)90038-0"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bray, H.G., Humphris, B.G. and Thorpe, W.V. (1949). Metabolism of derivatives of toluene. 3. o-m- and p-Xylenes. Biochem. J. 45 :241-244.","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0450241"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0470395"},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"Browning, E. (1965). Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents , pp. 77-89, Elsevier Publishing Co., Amsterdam."},{"key":"atypb16","unstructured":"Brownstein, A.M. (1976). Trends in Petrochemical Technology: The Impact of the Energy Crisis, pp. 1-275, Petroleum Publishing Co., Tulsa, Oklahoma."},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700460110"},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"229","volume":"34","author":"Caperos, J.R.","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Ind. Med"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2566"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(75)90079-4"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"1255","volume":"55","author":"Chassevant, A.","year":"1903","journal-title":"Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. (Paris)"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00405229"},{"key":"atypb23","first-page":"170","volume":"74","author":"Donner, M.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mutat. Res"},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"243","volume":"25","author":"Dutkiewicz, T.","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Ind. Med"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(84)90183-2"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"249","volume":"114","author":"Engelhardt, W.E.","year":"1935","journal-title":"Arch. Hyg. Bakteriol"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2706"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378270"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00405662"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378589"},{"key":"atypb31","first-page":"261","volume":"115","author":"Estler, W.","year":"1935","journal-title":"Arch. Hyg. Bakteriol"},{"key":"atypb32","first-page":"301","volume":"21","author":"Fabre, R.","year":"1960","journal-title":"Etude des xylenes. Arch. Malad. Profess. Med"},{"key":"atypb33","first-page":"314","volume":"21","author":"Fabre, R.","year":"1960","journal-title":"Arch. Malad. Profess. Med"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00028896709342540"},{"key":"atypb35","first-page":"403","volume":"19","author":"Gerarde, H.W.","year":"1959","journal-title":"Arch. Ind. Health"},{"key":"atypb36","first-page":"577","volume":"48","author":"Ghishlandi, E.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Med. Avoro"},{"key":"atypb37","first-page":"113","volume":"60","author":"Glass, W.I.","year":"1961","journal-title":"New Zealand Med"},{"key":"atypb38","first-page":"33","volume":"29","author":"Goldie, I.","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ind. Med. Surg"},{"key":"atypb39","first-page":"215","volume":"39","author":"Hine, C.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ind. Med. Surg"},{"key":"atypb40","first-page":"483","volume":"44","author":"Hirsch, S.","year":"1932","journal-title":"Verhandl. Deut. Ges. Inn. Med"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(70)90088-8"},{"key":"atypb42","volume-title":"Occupational Diseases and Industrial Medicine","author":"Johnstone, R.T.","year":"1960"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01864847","volume":"143","author":"Lazarew, N.","year":"1929","journal-title":"Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol"},{"key":"atypb44","volume-title":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist","author":"Lioy, P.J."},{"key":"atypb45","first-page":"713","volume":"144","author":"Matthaus, W.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Klin. Monatsbl: Augenheilk"},{"key":"atypb46","first-page":"286","volume":"18","author":"Mikiska, A.","year":"1960","journal-title":"I. Methods, control experiments and physiological foundation. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg"},{"key":"atypb47","first-page":"300","volume":"19","author":"Mikiskova, H.","year":"1960","journal-title":"The effects of benzene, toluol and xylol in guinea pigs. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg"},{"key":"atypb48","first-page":"153","volume":"23","author":"Mikulski, P.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Biul. Inst. Med. Morsk. Gdansku"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5720.442"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)97847-6"},{"key":"atypb51","unstructured":"National Institute For Occupational Safety And Health (Niosh) (1975). Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to xylene. U.S. Dept. Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (1977) Xylene (Xylol), pp. S318-1 to S318-8 in the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 2nd Edition, Part II, Standard Completion Program Validated Methods, D.G. Taylor, Manual Coordinator, NIOSH Publication No. 77-157-C, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH."},{"key":"atypb52","unstructured":"National Research Council (1981). The Alkyl Benzenes, R. Snyder (Chairman), Committee on Alkyl Benzene Derivatives, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazard, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 125-127."},{"key":"atypb53","first-page":"282","volume":"25","author":"Nelson, K.W.","year":"1943","journal-title":"J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol"},{"key":"atypb54","first-page":"330","volume":"26","author":"Ogata, M.","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Ind. Med"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378191"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)06362-7","volume":"6","author":"Patel, J.M.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Drug Metabol. Disposit"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2658"},{"key":"atypb58","unstructured":"Riihimaki, V. (1984). Xylene in Biological Monitoring and Surveillance of Workers Exposed to Chemicals, A. Aitio , V. Riihimaki and H. Vainio (eds.). pp. 83-97. Hemisphere Publishing Co., Washington, D.C."},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2721"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3096"},{"key":"atypb61","first-page":"411","volume":"23","author":"Riihimaki, V.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg"},{"key":"atypb62","first-page":"37","volume":"15","author":"Schmid, E.","year":"1956","journal-title":"Arch. Gewerbepathol Gewerbehyg"},{"key":"atypb63","first-page":"109","volume":"18","author":"Schumacher, H.","year":"1960","journal-title":"Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378419"},{"key":"atypb65","first-page":"736","volume":"223","author":"Smith, B.R.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap."},{"key":"atypb66","first-page":"261","volume":"10","author":"Smyth, H.F.","year":"1928","journal-title":"J. Ind. Hyg"},{"issue":"42","key":"atypb67","first-page":"1684","volume":"98","author":"Speck, B.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr"},{"key":"atypb68","first-page":"448","volume":"34","author":"Sukhanova, V.A.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Hyg. Sanit. (USSR)"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(82)90098-1"},{"key":"atypb70","first-page":"335","volume":"20","author":"Tsuruta, H.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00366185"},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550010411"},{"key":"atypb73","first-page":"56","volume":"35","author":"Van Roosmalen, P.V.","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Ind. Med"},{"key":"atypb74","volume-title":"Public Health Bulletin No","author":"Von Oettingen, W.F.","year":"1940"},{"key":"atypb75","first-page":"464","volume":"25","author":"White, L.D.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00028896409342624"},{"key":"atypb77","first-page":"387","volume":"14","author":"Wolf, M.A.","year":"1956","journal-title":"Arch. Ind. Health"}],"container-title":["Toxicology and Industrial Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/074823378900500108","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/074823378900500108","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:46:25Z","timestamp":1777668385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/074823378900500108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,1]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/074823378900500108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/074823378900500108","relation":{},"ISSN":["0748-2337","1477-0393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0748-2337","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,1]]}}}