{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:38:46Z","timestamp":1777923526905,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,1,1]],"date-time":"1996-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":820454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Ind Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Male Sprague-Dawley rats ( 200-250 g; 60 per exposure group) were exposed to carbon disulfide (CS2) air concentrations of 0, 50, 150, and 500 ppm(vlv) for 6 hrlday, 5 days\/week over six months. Following the exposures, nine rats from each exposure group had four sets of cumulated urines collected (between 0-8, 8-16, 16-24, and 24-48 hr). The urinary parameters measured were: 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA), total thioethers (TE), and the compounds responsive to the iodine-azide (IA) test. Urinary TTCA elimination obeyed pseudo-first-order, one-compartment model kinetics of half-time (t\n                    <jats:sub>0.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) 5.2 +\/- 0.3 hr up to 16 hr of collection. The elimination of TE within 16 hr had a t\n                    <jats:sub>0.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 8.5 +\/- 0.6 hr. TTCA, IA, and TE were correlated highly in the first 16 hr. After 16 hr, the to.5 for TE lengthened to 13. 1 hr. At CS2 concentrations of 50, 150, and 500 ppm, the respective t\n                    <jats:sub>0.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    for IA-responsive compounds were 12.6, 6.1, and 4.4 hr. TTCA had the highest correlation coefficient and p-valuerelative to CS2 exposure concentration, and also was the most sensitive, precise, and selective urinary marker.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379601200105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]],"date-time":"2013-09-09T18:39:31Z","timestamp":1378751971000},"page":"81-92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Urinary 2-Thiothiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid (TTCA) as the Major Urinary Marker of Carbon Disulfide Vapor Exposure in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Clinton","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory Montgomery, Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shane S.","family":"Que Hee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio, Department of Environmental Health Sciences and UCLA Center for Occupational and Environmental Health UCLA School of Public Health Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis W.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio, National Institutes of Occupational Safety and Health R.A. Taft Laboratories Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"TLV-Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices for 1985-1986","author":"American Conference Of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (Acgih).","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"1995-1996 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices","author":"American Conference Of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (Acgih).","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"The Use of the Iodine-Azide Test on Urine of Workers Exposed to Levels of Carbon Disulfide at or below the Current Federal Standard","author":"Biollat, M.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700080209"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1047322X.1992.10388067"},{"key":"atypb6","author":"Cox, C.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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Excerpta Medica Foundations , Amsterdam, The Netherlands. pp. 52-61."},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378621"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1968.10665043"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298668891379297"},{"key":"atypb16","unstructured":"Jakubowski, M. and Piotrowski, J. (1967). \"Practical evaluation of the iodine-azide test for the estimation of exposure to carbon disulfide.\" In: Toxicology of Carbon Disulfide (H. Brieger and J. Teisinger, eds.). 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