{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T22:37:29Z","timestamp":1785710249984,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,9,1]],"date-time":"1996-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":841536000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Ind Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Methyl tertiary butyl ether has caused the following cancers in rats and mice: kidney, testicular, liver, lymphomas, and leukemias. Thus, in the absence of adequate data on humans, it is biologically plausible and prudent to regard methyl tertiary butyl ether \u2014for which there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals \u2014 as a probable human carcinogen. This means that some humans are at extreme risk of contracting cancers resulting from their exposure to oxygenated gasoline containing methyl tertiary butyl ether.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Immediately after the introduction of methyl tertiary butyl ether into gasoline, many consumers of this product in New Jersey, New York, Alaska, Maine, Pennsylvania, Colorado, Arizona, Montana, Massachusetts, California, and other areas, experienced a variety of neurotoxic, allergic, and respiratory illnesses. These illnesses were similar to those suffered by refinery workers from the Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers Union who mixed methyl tertiary butyl ether with gasoline. Additionally, these illnesses occurredfollowing exposure to extremely low levels of methyl tertiary butyl ether in gasoline, particularly when compared to the adverse health effects that occurred only after exposure to very high levels of conventional gasoline. Thus, gasoline containing methyl tertiary butyl ether exhibited substantially more toxicity in humans than gasoline without this additive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A number of oil industry-sponsored or influenced reports alleged that these illnesses were either unrelated to exposure to reformulated gasoline or were characteristic of some yet-to-be-identified communicable disease. These studies further alleged that the widespread concern was not about illness, but was merely a reaction to the odor and the five cent increase in the price of gasoline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>To clarify the significance of this issue, it is important to note that consumers have been using gasoline for many decades, with complaints only occurring following exposure to high levels at 100s ppm or higher. After the introduction of methyl tertiary butyl ether gasoline there were thousands of human health complaints. The sudden increase in widespread illnesses from which many thousands of individuals throughout the United States began to suffer immediately following the introduction of methyl tertiary butyl ether into gasoline provides strong and unquestionable evidence that gasoline containing methyl tertiary butyl ether is associated with human illnesses. When considering the severity of the illnesses in humans, it is prudent that this highly dangerous chemical be promptly removed from gasoline and comprehensive studies be conducted to assess the long-term effects that human may experience in the future from past and current exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379601200502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]],"date-time":"2013-09-09T18:40:01Z","timestamp":1378752001000},"page":"613-627","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Dangerous and Cancer-Causing Properties of Products and Chemicals in the Oil-Refining and Petrochemical Industry\u2014Part Xxii: Health Hazards From Exposure To Gasoline Containing Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether: Study of New Jersey Residents"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Myron A.","family":"Mehlman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Environmental and Community Medicine Piscataway, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(72)90065-4"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V44.6.837.837"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1047322X.1990.10389674"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Consensus Statements about 'An Investigation of Health Concerns Attributed to Reformulated Gasoline Use in Southeastern Wisconsin","author":"Association Of State And Territorial Health Officials (Astho)","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379501100202"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether: Vapor Inhalation Oncogenicity Study in CD-1 Mice. Bushy Run Research Center: BRRC report 91N0013A","author":"Burleigh-Flayer, H.D.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether: Vapor Inhalation Oncogenicity Study in Fischer 344 Rats. Bushy Run Research Center; BRRC report 91N0013B","author":"Chun, J.S.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"399","volume":"10","author":"Clark, C.R.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Teratog. Carcinog. Mutag."},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"29","author":"Collegium Ramazzini Workshop","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annual Ramazzini Days"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"227","volume":"9","author":"Delore, P.","year":"1928","journal-title":"J. Med."},{"key":"atypb11","first-page":"465","volume":"7","author":"Goguel, A.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Nouv. Rev. Fr. Hematol."},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"Goldstein, B.D. (1989). \"Clinical hematotoxicity of benzene.\" In: Benzene: Occupational and Environmental Hazards\u2014Scientific Update (M.A. Mehlman, ed.). Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ. pp. 55-66."},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Review of the Potential Health Effects of Oxygenates Added to Gasoline","author":"Health Effects Institute (Hei)","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.93100201"},{"key":"atypb15","first-page":"331","volume":"21","author":"Hunter, F.H.","year":"1939","journal-title":"J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol."},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.1984.tb00127.x"},{"key":"atypb17","unstructured":"International Agency For Research On Cancer (Iarc) (1982). Benzene. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Some Industrial Chemicals and Dyestuffs. Vol. 29. pp. 95-148."},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121242"},{"key":"atypb19","unstructured":"Kitchen, D.N. (1984). \"Neoplastic renal effects of unleaded gasoline in Fischer 344 rats.\" In: Renal Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons (M.A. Mehlman, G.P. Hemstreet, Jr. J.J. Thorpe, and N.K. Weaver, eds.). Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ. pp. 65-72."},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"426","volume":"9","author":"Lignac, G.O.E.","year":"1932","journal-title":"Krankeitsforsch."},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb21","first-page":"427","volume":"4","author":"Lioy, P.J.","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Expos. Anal."},{"key":"atypb22","unstructured":"Macfarland, H.N. (1984). \"Zenobiotic-induced kidney lesions: hydrocarbons. The 90-day and 2-year gasoline studies.\" In: Renal Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons (M.A. Mehlman, G.P. Hemstreet, Jr. J.J. Thorpe, and N.K. Weaver, eds.). Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ. pp. 51-56."},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"Maltoni, C. (1983). \"Myths and facts in the history of benzene carcinogenicity .\" In: Advances in Modem Environmental Toxicology, Vol. 4 (M.A. Mehlman, ed.). Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ. pp. 1-15."},{"key":"atypb24","unstructured":"Maltoni, C., Conti, B., Cotti, G., Mandrioli, A., Scarnato, C., and Valgimigli, L. (1982). Benzene: An Experimental Multipotential Carcinogen. The Up-to-Date Results of the Long-term Bioassays Performed at the Bologna Institute of Oncology. Istituto Superiore di Sanita Report No. ISSN-0391-1675. pp. 1-55."},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"Carcinogenicity and Toxicity of Benzene. Advances in Modem Environmental Toxicology","author":"Mehlman, M.A.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700070502","volume":"7","author":"Mehlman, M.A.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Indust. Med."},{"key":"atypb27","volume-title":"Carcinogenicity and toxicity of benzene","author":"Mehlman, M.A.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"Benzene: Occupational and Environmental Hazards \u2014 Scientific Update. Advances in Modem Environmental Toxicology","author":"Mehlman, M.A.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770100505"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770100505"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700200514"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770100505"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb33","first-page":"37","volume":"4","author":"Mehlman, M.A.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb34","first-page":"219","volume":"4","author":"Mehlman, M.A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicol."},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379100700306"},{"key":"atypb36","first-page":"365","volume":"18","author":"Melnick, R.L.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacol."},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1994.9954993"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074823378900500521"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1708"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563657708989817"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198704233161702"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700020305"},{"key":"atypb43","volume-title":"Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE\/Evaluation of MTBE carcinogenicity studies.)\" Environmental Epidemiology Section (EES)","author":"Rudo, K.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379501100204"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379501100501"},{"key":"atypb46","unstructured":"Sitting, M. (1981). Handboook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals. Noyer Data Corp., Park Ridge, NJ. p. 348."},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(89)90053-7"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.19.040179.002455"},{"key":"atypb49","volume-title":"Developmental Toxicity Study of Inhaled Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether in New Zealand White Rabbits. Bushy Run Research Center; Project Report No. 51-628","author":"Tyl, R.W.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb50","volume-title":"Developmental Toxicity Study of Inhaled Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether in CD-1 Mice. Bushy Run Research Center; Project Report No. 52-526","author":"Tyl, R.W.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb51","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Epa)","year":"1984","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"key":"atypb52","volume-title":"Alpha-2\u03bc-Globulin Association with Chemically Induced Renal Toxicity and Neoplasia in the Male Rat","author":"U.S. Environmental Proctection Agency (Epa)","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb53","volume-title":"Assessment of Potential Health Risks of Gasoline Oxygenated with Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE)","author":"U.S. Environmental Proctection Agency (Epa)","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb54","volume-title":"An Analysis and Evaluation of Gasoline Samples from the Southeastern Wisconsin Reformulated Gasoline Area, Dec. 1994-Mar. 1995","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Epa)","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb55","volume-title":"Identification of environmental carcinogens: the first step in risk assessment","author":"Vainio, H.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1976.tb23103.x"},{"key":"atypb57","volume-title":"An Investigation of Health Concerns Attributed to Reformulated Gasoline Use in Southeastern Wisconsin","author":"Wisconsin Department Of Health And Social Services (Dhss)","year":"1995"}],"container-title":["Toxicology and Industrial Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/074823379601200502","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/074823379601200502","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:50:34Z","timestamp":1777668634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/074823379601200502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,9]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/074823379601200502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/074823379601200502","relation":{},"ISSN":["0748-2337","1477-0393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0748-2337","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,9]]}}}