{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:38:43Z","timestamp":1777923523619,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,9,1]],"date-time":"1996-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":841536000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Ind Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Exposure to lead has been associated with a variety of adverse reproductive outcomes such as spontaneous abortion, impaired fecundity, and sterility. Although decreased sperm counts and serum testosterone levels have been found in men with occupational lead exposure, animal experiments suggest that fertility may be impaired at blood lead levels that have no apparent effect on reproductive hormone levels or sperm concentration. Consequently, this study investigated the effect of chronic lead treatment on semen quality in healthy cynomolgus monkeys aged 15- 20 years with mean (\u00b1 SD) blood lead levels of 10 \u00b1 3 \u03bcg\/dL (range 6-20 \u03bcg\/dL, n = 4) and 56 \u00b1 49 \u03bcg\/dL (range 22-148 \u03bcg\/dL, n = 7) compared to a reference group with blood lead levels &lt;1.0 \u03bcg\/dL (n = 8). Blood and semen samples were collected once from each monkey in five different months. Serum testosterone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay, and lead effects on chromatin structure were analyzed by flow cytometry. There were no effects of treatment on circulating levels of testosterone or parameters of semen quality such as sperm count, viability, motility, and morphology. However, significant (p &lt; 0.03) treatment-related effects were seen on SD \u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>t<\/jats:sub>\n                    values in the treated vs control animals. Group comparisons also revealed that the effects of chronic lead exposure were significant (p &lt; 0.05)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379601200509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]],"date-time":"2013-09-09T18:40:01Z","timestamp":1378752001000},"page":"723-735","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Sperm Chromatin Structure Is Altered in Cynomolgus Monkeys With Environmentally Relevant Blood Lead Levels"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Warren G.","family":"Foster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental & Occupational Toxicology Division Environmental Health Directorate Health Protection Branch Department of Health, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avril","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental & Occupational Toxicology Division Environmental Health Directorate Health Protection Branch Department of Health, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah C.","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Research Division Food Directorate Health Protection Branch Department of Health, Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00316265"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1987.9935808"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Nature and extent of lead exposure in children in the United States","author":"Agency For Toxic Substances And Disease Registry (Atsdr)","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod36.4.915"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"33","volume":"1","author":"Braunstein, G.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Infertility"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1984.10545877"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6238(95)02057-8"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"40","volume":"33","author":"Evenson, D.P.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Methods Cell Biol."},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2184.1993.tb00015.x"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.990060311"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(86)90447-3"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398909531330"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6238(93)90019-4"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2850210208"},{"key":"atypb15","first-page":"309","volume":"13","author":"Fahim, M.S.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pharmacol."},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6238(93)90225-V"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(86)80142-6"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(88)90076-5"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1975.10666733"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137877"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"371","volume":"9","author":"McGregor, A.J.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Toxicol."},{"key":"atypb22","first-page":"18","volume":"40","author":"McMichael, A.I.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6238(95)00040-H"},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"485","volume":"48","author":"Ng, T.P.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brit. 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