{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T18:28:33Z","timestamp":1790965713916,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]],"date-time":"1998-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":883612800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Ind Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to toxic substances or pesticides during critical perinatal developmental periods can alter reproductive and central nervous system (CNS)function in a manner that does not compromise the growth and viability of the fetus but causes functional alterations that become apparent later in life. While some \"CNS\/behavioral teratogens\" are mutagenic or alter cell division, other chemicals produce alterations of CNS development via endocrine-mediated mechanisms. The following discussion will focus on studies conducted primarily in our laboratory that describe how pesticides and toxic substances alter development of the reproductive and central nervous systems as a consequence of organizational or activational exposures. Abnormal behavior and morphology can result from exposure to endocrine-disrupting toxicants by altering organization of the CNS during critical stages of life or activation of behavior after puberty. Some of the toxicants that alter rodent sexual differentiation include xenoestrogens, antiandrogenic pesticides, and dioxin-like toxic substances. Chemicals that alter sex-linked nonreproductive and reproductive CNS development via nonhormonal mechanisms are also discussed in order to demonstrate that multiple mechanisms of action are involved in the development of behavioral abnormalities in pre- and perinatally exposed offspring. The fact that reproductive function (behavioral, biochemical, and morphological) can be altered via such a wide variety of mechanisms indicates that hazard identification in this area cannot rely solely on the detection of endocrine activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379801400111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]],"date-time":"2013-09-09T18:41:32Z","timestamp":1378752092000},"page":"159-184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Effects of Pesticides and Toxic Substances On Behavioral and Morphological Reproductive Development: Endocrine Versus Nonendocrine Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"suffix":"JR","given":"Leon Earl","family":"Gray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Branch, Reproductive Toxicology Division National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory US Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ostby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Branch, Reproductive Toxicology Division National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory US Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-02-00497.1989"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"164","volume":"15","author":"Anderson, S.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicologist"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0926-6917(95)90015-2"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Colborn, T. and Clement, C. (eds.). (1992). Chemically-Induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development: The Wildlife\/Human Connection. Advances in Modem Environmental Toxicology, Vol. 21. Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., Princeton, NJ. 401 pp."},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(82)90388-3"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90242-7"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000124484"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Endocrine and reproductive toxicity of methoxychlor in male Long-Evans hooded rats","author":"Fail, P."},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(78)90150-0"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(78)90149-4"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000122555"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(78)90723-0"},{"key":"atypb13","unstructured":"Goy, R.W. (1978). \"Development of play and mounting behavior in female rhesus virilized prenatally with esters of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone .\" In: Recent Advances in Primatology ( D.J. Chivers and J. Herbert , eds.). Academic Press, New York, NY. pp. 449-462."},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Overview of premature sexual development and preface","author":"Grave, G.","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb15","first-page":"67","volume":"3","author":"Gray, L.E.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"atypb16","unstructured":"Gray, L.E. (1992). \"Chemical-induced alterations of sexual differentiation: A review of effects in humans and rodents.\" In: Chemically-Induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development: The Wildlife\/ Human Connection (T. Colborn and C. Clement, eds.). 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