{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T23:59:25Z","timestamp":1793923165406,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]],"date-time":"2001-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":996624000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Biol Rhythms"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Most of the anatomical and molecular substrates of the system that encodes changes in photoperiod in the duration of melatonin secretion, and the receptor molecules that read this signal, have been shown to be conserved in monkeys and humans, and the functions of this system appear to be intact from the level of the retina to the level of the melatonin-duration signal of change of season. While photoperiodic seasonal breeding has been shown to occur in monkeys, it remains unclear whether photoperiod and mediation of photoperiod's effects by melatonin influence human reproduction. Epidemiological evidence suggests that inhibition of fertility by heat in men in summer contributes to seasonal variation in human reproduction at lower latitudes and that stimulation of fertility by lengthening of the photoperiod in spring contributes to the variation at higher latitudes. Parallels between the seasonality of human reproduction and seasonal affective disorder suggest that they may be governed by common biological processes. Historical and experimental evidence indicates that human responses to seasonal changes in the natural photoperiod may have been more robust prior to the Industrial Revolution and that subsequently they have been increasingly suppressed by alterations of the physical environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/074873001129002060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,27]],"date-time":"2004-05-27T09:25:01Z","timestamp":1085649901000},"page":"348-364","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":182,"title":["Photoperiodism in Humans and Other Primates: Evidence and Implications"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Wehr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Biological Rhythms, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Alonger biological night in long sleepers than in short sleepers","author":"Aeschbach D","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90837-0"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6552-9_24"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5488.2344"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(84)90005-2"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0018-506X(92)90047-Y"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000010169"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199803300-00002"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1170470"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.41.4.338"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(87)90694-X"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/418980"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344974"},{"key":"atypb14","first-page":"1068","volume":"74","author":"Chik CL","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"atypb15","first-page":"151","volume":"6","author":"Clewe TH","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.5.726"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.1999.0194"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2091067a0"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19981012)400:1<87::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19980803)397:3<357::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(200002)50:2<109::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001566000002038"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026368518431"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.10.883"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2651611"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"469","volume":"174","author":"Elliot JA","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol [A]"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873049601100209"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873001129001980"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000009926"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00357-6"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873001129002042"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873049300800405"},{"key":"atypb33","first-page":"266","volume":"30","author":"Herndon JG","year":"1996","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1990.tb00689.x"},{"key":"atypb35","first-page":"780","volume":"36","author":"Hoffmann F","year":"1976","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(92)90566-P"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(96)00180-1"},{"key":"atypb38","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Circadian Clocks from Cell to Human","author":"Honma K","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873048700200202"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)91342-3"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00220-7"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.10.5155"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-65-5-823"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09513598709030678"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1130450"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1988.tb08335.x"},{"key":"atypb47","first-page":"311","volume":"13","author":"Kneisley LW","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Suppl"},{"key":"atypb48","unstructured":"Lam DA          and Miron JA (1987) The seasonality of births in human populations, Working paper No. 87-114, Populations Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor."},{"key":"atypb49","first-page":"709","volume":"18","author":"Lam DA","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann N YAcad Sci"},{"key":"atypb50","volume-title":"Canadian Consensus Guide for the Treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder","author":"Lam RW","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873040101600109"},{"key":"atypb52","first-page":"25","volume":"53","author":"Levine ME","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arctic Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb53","first-page":"34","volume":"25","author":"Levine RJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.10.890"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7434030"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1989.tb03726.x"},{"key":"atypb57","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Comparative Primate Biology, Vol. 2B: Behavior, Cognition and Motivation","author":"Lindburg DG","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.1999.12.3.355"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.1.60"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-5809"},{"key":"atypb61","first-page":"149","volume":"22","author":"Makkison I","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Interdiscipl Cycle Res"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873001129002051"},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1090446"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01635615","volume":"24","author":"Marx H","year":"1946","journal-title":"Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1991.tb03491.x"},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/HUMREP\/11.2.248"},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0490129"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0430325"},{"key":"atypb69","first-page":"15","volume":"53","author":"Miura T","year":"1981","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02109950"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)64567-7"},{"key":"atypb72","first-page":"347","volume":"7","author":"Moretti RM","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00192662"},{"key":"atypb74","first-page":"701","volume":"62","author":"Nonaka K","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"key":"atypb75","first-page":"R613","volume":"245","author":"Okudaira N","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.8.2165"},{"key":"atypb77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01417860"},{"key":"atypb78","volume-title":"Hormones, Brain and Behavior","author":"Prendergast BJ","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-02-00600.2000"},{"key":"atypb80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873049701200606"},{"key":"atypb81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)91144-6"},{"key":"atypb82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.01-12-01414.1981"},{"key":"atypb83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873049000500303"},{"key":"atypb84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873049000500304"},{"key":"atypb85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)00669-5"},{"key":"atypb86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137729"},{"key":"atypb87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(90)90116-M"},{"key":"atypb88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790120076010"},{"key":"atypb89","first-page":"257","volume":"21","author":"Rosenthal NE","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Suppl"},{"key":"atypb90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.1.52"},{"key":"atypb91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)47:2<93::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"atypb92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.9.1383"},{"key":"atypb93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873001129002024"},{"key":"atypb94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/12.11.2572"},{"key":"atypb95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(93)90172-C"},{"key":"atypb96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.10.875"},{"key":"atypb97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1990.tb00699.x"},{"key":"atypb98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.170.5.431"},{"key":"atypb99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.1996.00011.x"},{"key":"atypb100","first-page":"285","volume-title":"The Pineal Gland","author":"Vollrath L","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00358-2"},{"key":"atypb102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-4-793"},{"key":"atypb103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-114-4-1074"},{"key":"atypb104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02735796"},{"key":"atypb105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1090297"},{"key":"atypb106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00174-8"},{"key":"atypb107","first-page":"295","volume":"76","author":"Weaver DR","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"atypb108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-6-1276"},{"key":"atypb109","author":"Wehr TA","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)"},{"key":"atypb110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.12.1108"},{"key":"atypb111","first-page":"R173","volume":"269","author":"Wehr TA","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"atypb112","first-page":"R846","volume":"265","author":"Wehr TA","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"atypb113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.7.829"},{"key":"atypb114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800090060008"},{"key":"atypb115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)11740-N"},{"key":"atypb116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.6.753"},{"key":"atypb117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1992.tb00047.x"},{"key":"atypb118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0860435"},{"key":"atypb119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1210553"},{"key":"atypb120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700024181"},{"key":"atypb121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-33-3-121"},{"key":"atypb122","first-page":"189","volume":"85","author":"Zeitzer JM","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"atypb123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00695.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biological Rhythms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/074873001129002060","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/074873001129002060","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:59:33Z","timestamp":1777492773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/074873001129002060"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/074873001129002060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/074873001129002060","relation":{},"ISSN":["0748-7304","1552-4531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0748-7304","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4531","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]}}}