{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T06:53:19Z","timestamp":1777791199817,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SNSF Project 320030_182266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNSF Project 320030_182266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biol Rhythms"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The pupil modulates the amount of light that reaches the retina. Not only luminance but also the spectral distribution defines the pupil size. Previous research has identified steady-state pupil size and melatonin attenuation to be predominantly driven by melanopsin, which is expressed by a unique subgroup of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that are sensitive to short-wavelength light (~480\u2009nm). Here, we aimed to selectively target the melanopsin system during the evening, while measuring steady-state pupil size and melatonin concentrations under commonly experienced evening light levels (&lt;90\u2009lx). Therefore, we used a five-primary display prototype to generate light conditions that were matched in terms of L-, M-, and S-cone-opic irradiances, but with high and low melanopic irradiances (~3-fold difference). Seventy-two healthy, male participants completed a 2-week study protocol. The volunteers were assigned to one of the four groups that differed in luminance levels (27-285\u2009cd\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Within the four groups, each volunteer was exposed to a low melanopic (LM) and a high melanopic (HM) condition. The two 17-h study protocols comprised 3.5 h of light exposure starting 4 h before habitual bedtime. Median pupil size was significantly smaller during HM than LM in all four light intensity groups. In addition, we observed a significant correlation between melanopic weighted corneal illuminance (melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance [mEDI]) and pupil size, such that higher mEDI values were associated with smaller pupil size. Using pupil size to estimate retinal irradiance showed a qualitatively similar goodness of fit as mEDI for predicting melatonin suppression. Based on our results here, it remains appropriate to use melanopic irradiance measured at eye level when comparing light-dependent effects on evening melatonin concentrations in healthy young people at rather low light levels.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/07487304241226466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T03:48:48Z","timestamp":1707796128000},"page":"282-294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Impact of Pupil Constriction on the Relationship Between Melanopic EDI and Melatonin Suppression in Young Adult Males"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9067-1614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Sch\u00f6llhorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0199-6500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Stefani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1088-8029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biological Timing, School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8572-9268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Spitschan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Sensory & Circadian Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Chronobiology & Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"TUM Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Epple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2699-7171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Cajochen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-07487304241226466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy100"},{"key":"bibr2-07487304241226466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2617"},{"key":"bibr3-07487304241226466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9471"},{"key":"bibr4-07487304241226466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199601000-00008"},{"key":"bibr5-07487304241226466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.2987"},{"key":"bibr6-07487304241226466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/16.11.29"},{"key":"bibr7-07487304241226466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2022.04.003"},{"key":"bibr8-07487304241226466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"bibr9-07487304241226466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821671a5"},{"key":"bibr10-07487304241226466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.02815"},{"key":"bibr11-07487304241226466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067262"},{"key":"bibr12-07487304241226466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/25.6.432"},{"key":"bibr13-07487304241226466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac199"},{"key":"bibr14-07487304241226466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/193690a0"},{"key":"bibr15-07487304241226466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00165.2011"},{"key":"bibr16-07487304241226466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0957"},{"key":"bibr17-07487304241226466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199901000-00029"},{"key":"bibr18-07487304241226466","unstructured":"CIE S 026\/E:2018 (2018) CIE system for metrology of optical radiation for ipRGC-influenced responses to light. 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