{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T10:12:54Z","timestamp":1788516774981,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24022159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24022159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19K10046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K10046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K06363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K06363"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23K28114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K28114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24K09635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K09635"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24K10029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K10029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biol Rhythms"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Period (Per)<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was first identified in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a key regulator of circadian rhythms, with mutations that altered or abolished behavioral rhythmicity. Mammals possess 3 homologs,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per3<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Here, we systematically compared the circadian properties of mice deficient in each\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, singly and in combination, under constant darkness (DD). We analyzed their free-running periods (\u03c4) and phase response curves (PRCs) to 6-h light pulses (6-h LPs). Each\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per<\/jats:italic>\n                    -deficient line exhibited distinct circadian characteristics.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per1<\/jats:italic>\n                    -deficient mice (including\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per3<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    double mutants) showed high-amplitude PRCs with large phase shifts near CT18, consistent with Type 0 resetting.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -deficient mice displayed shorter \u03c4 and Type 1 PRCs with crossover points near CT17. Remarkably, some\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -deficient mice lost circadian rhythmicity after a single 6-h LP delivered near the crossover but regained rhythmicity following a second pulse 12\u2009days later. In contrast,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per2<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice, which retain\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per3<\/jats:italic>\n                    , failed to maintain stable rhythms in DD yet transiently reestablished a short-period (~19.5\u2009h) rhythm in response to a 6-h LP. These findings indicate that rhythm loss in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -deficient mice does not represent oscillation stop but rather light-induced desynchrony among multiple oscillators that constitute the circadian pacemaker. Collectively, our results demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per1<\/jats:italic>\n                    sustains oscillator strength,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Per2<\/jats:italic>\n                    maintains inter-oscillator coupling, and together they ensure the robustness of the mammalian circadian system against strong photic perturbation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/07487304261448768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T11:27:43Z","timestamp":1779276463000},"page":"605-614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Light-induced Desynchrony of a Multi-oscillatory Circadian System in\n                    <i>Per2<\/i>\n                    -deficient Mice"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Nana N.","family":"Takasu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Chrono-Physiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6212-0022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isao T.","family":"Tokuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Chrono-Physiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasukazu","family":"Nakahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Neuroscience, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1702-9278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiro J.","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5038-6114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wataru","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Chrono-Physiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 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