{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:13:34Z","timestamp":1786122814444,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"national institutes of health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4R01CA279487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4R01CA279487"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"national institutes of health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01AG068577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AG068577"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biol Rhythms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Many genes exhibit circadian rhythms in expression. The amplitude of oscillation, both in core clock and circadian output genes, may differ from person to person. Mutations in core clock genes are known to alter global rhythmic properties, and researchers often informally discuss \u201ccircadian amplitude.\u201d Yet, it remains unclear whether, in the general population, differences in transcriptional amplitude are largely gene-specific, or if they reflect a global, transcriptome-wide pattern\u2014whether some individuals have globally higher or lower amplitude across the set of all rhythmic genes. We used Cosinor regression to reanalyze 4 human skin time-series transcriptomic datasets (paired epidermis\/dermis samples,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200911,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200919) and found that, using either absolute or relative amplitude measures, distributions of gene amplitudes tended to cluster by subject. Using a non-parametric, permutation-based statistical test, we found that in many subjects this global amplitude trend was statistically significant (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.01). Furthermore, we found that when rhythmic genes were divided into 2 sets based on peak time (genes peaking before-noon and after-noon), the subjects\u2019 global amplitude in one set predicted global amplitude in the other set (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05). We also found that in the paired epidermis\/dermis datasets, subjects\u2019 global amplitude in epidermis predicted their global amplitude in the dermis (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05). After identifying these trends in the skin datasets, we then found that evidence for subject-specific transcriptional rhythm strength replicated across 6 additional human time-course datasets from adipose, muscle, and blood. Perhaps surprisingly, across datasets, we found that neither established metrics of core clock transcriptional organization nor the amplitude of core clock transcription was strongly correlated with subject-specific global amplitude.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/07487304261456976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T10:48:34Z","timestamp":1785926914000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Defining and Detecting Global Transcriptional Amplitude in Circadian Gene Expression"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3205-7720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael M.","family":"Saint-Antoine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron C.","family":"Anafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1802337"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2005.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1316335111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4064"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11704"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","volume-title":"Pattern recognition and machine learning","author":"Bishop CM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bishop CM (2006) Pattern recognition and machine learning. 1st ed. 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(2022) Inter-layer and inter-subject variability of diurnal gene expression in human skin. 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