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How such lighting environments influence the circadian system has not been systematically examined in a diurnal animal model under ecologically relevant conditions. In this study, we used the diurnal Nile grass rat (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Arvicanthis niloticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) to assess daily locomotor rhythms across 4 lighting conditions designed to approximate common human exposure scenarios: rectangular daylight (D65\u2011R; ~5600\u2009lux), semi\u2011sigmoidal daylight mimicking natural intensity dynamics (D65\u2011S; matched peak intensity with ~50% lower cumulative energy), fluorescent indoor light (F12; ~150\u2009lux), and fluorescent light supplemented with a 1\u2011h midday daylight pulse (F12\u2009+\u2009D65\u2011P). Using a within\u2011subject design (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098), male grass rats were housed under each condition for 2 weeks. D65\u2011R produced the highest daytime activity levels and the strongest day-night activity ratio, consistent with robust circadian entrainment. Despite matching peak intensity, D65\u2011S did not yield comparable circadian outcomes, indicating that cumulative photon exposure, rather than peak intensity alone, contributes to entrainment strength. Notably, the addition of a 1\u2011h midday daylight pulse (D65-P) partially increased circadian amplitude under otherwise fluorescent conditions, with higher periodogram amplitude relative to F12 alone. A separate cohort of males was exposed to D65-R or F12 for 6 weeks (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910\/condition) to assess physiological outcomes, including metabolic and reproductive measures. Compared with the D65-R group, the F12 group showed a higher diabetic rate (10% vs. 40%) and reduced sperm motility (45\u2009\u00b1\u20096 vs. 19\u2009\u00b1\u20091%), consistent with potential downstream correlates of circadian rhythm disruption. Together, these findings demonstrate that lighting conditions characteristic of indoor environments produce weaker circadian organization than daylight-equivalent lighting in a diurnal rodent, which underscore the importance of light quality in shaping circadian rhythms and downstream physiological processes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/07487304261480753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:34:17Z","timestamp":1788780857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Daylight, Daily Rhythms, and Downstream Physiology: A Translational Study in Diurnal Nile Grass Rats (\n                    <i>Arvicanthis niloticus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Antony B.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, University of California, Berkeley, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA"},{"name":"XR Lab \u2013 Laboratory for Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality, University of California, Berkeley, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Linning-Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9752-9888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Balbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nolan","family":"Lucera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marshall","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5380-1870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikhil","family":"Kummur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huishi","family":"Toh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Genomics and Epidemiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Caldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, University of California, Berkeley, USA"},{"name":"XR Lab \u2013 Laboratory for Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality, University of California, Berkeley, USA"},{"name":"Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6261-2542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lily","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41684-023-01268-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2100094118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730418819373"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730404272907"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","article-title":"Twilight transitions promote circadian entrainment to lengthening light\u2013dark cycles","volume":"271","author":"Boulos Z","year":"1996","unstructured":"Boulos Z, Macchi M, Terman M (1996) Twilight transitions promote circadian entrainment to lengthening light\u2013dark cycles. 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