{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:47:24Z","timestamp":1792068444405,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biol Rhythms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Time-of-day variation in neuromuscular performance is well established, but the contribution of circadian phenotype remains unclear. This study examined whether maximal knee-extensor strength and fatigue resistance differ between morning and evening and whether chronotype and actigraphy-derived sleep-timing are associated with diurnal performance variation. Forty-four healthy young adults (21 males, 23 females) completed a randomised-crossover protocol consisting of neuromuscular testing in the morning (0700-0900) and evening (1700-1900). Participants completed 7 days of actigraphy monitoring and the Composite Morningness Questionnaire to characterise behavioural circadian phenotype. Sleep timing was assessed using habitual sleep midpoint (between sleep-onset and wake-time), with night-to-night variability in sleep midpoint used as an index of sleep-timing variability. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque, fatigue index, contractions completed, and time-to-exhaustion were assessed during each trial. Baseline MVIC torque was greater in the evening compared with the morning (2.96\u2009\u00b1\u20090.80 vs 2.85\u2009\u00b1\u20090.77 N\u2009m\u2009kg\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.0001), with post-fatigue torque also remaining higher in the evening (2.00\u2009\u00b1\u20090.60 vs 1.84\u2009\u00b1\u20090.54 N\u2009m\u2009kg\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.0001). Participants demonstrated a lower fatigue-index (32.57\u2009\u00b1\u20096.99 vs 35.58\u2009\u00b1\u20096.26%;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.0001), completed more contractions (37.95\u2009\u00b1\u20098.29 vs 35.09\u2009\u00b1\u20097.58;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.0001), and exhibited longer time-to-exhaustion (6.36\u2009\u00b1\u20091.51 vs 5.85\u2009\u00b1\u20091.26 minutes;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.0001) during evening testing. Chronotype was strongly associated with the PM-AM difference in MVIC torque (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u2212.684,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.0001), explaining 47% of the variance in diurnal performance responses. Neither habitual sleep midpoint (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u2212.029,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.848) nor night-to-night variability in sleep midpoint (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u2212.055,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.721) was associated with performance differences. No significant sex-related differences were observed. Maximal knee extensor strength and fatigue resistance were enhanced during evening compared with morning testing. The magnitude of this response was strongly associated with behavioural circadian phenotype, but not actigraphy-derived sleep-timing. Findings suggest that chronotype influences time-of-day differences in neuromuscular performance and should be considered when evaluating exercise performance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/07487304261491813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T10:42:12Z","timestamp":1791801732000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Time-of-Day Variation in Knee Extensor Strength and Fatigue Is Associated With Circadian Phenotype in Healthy Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7855-2380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart J.","family":"Hesketh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Lancashire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazi D.","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Lancashire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam S.","family":"Luvna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Lancashire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rojan","family":"Pakka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Lancashire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6165-8577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subash Sing","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Lancashire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismat J.","family":"Talukder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Lancashire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.150"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2013.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah4965"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(92)90188-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","article-title":"Circadian rhythm of heat production, heart rate, and skin and core temperature under unmasking conditions in men","volume":"267","author":"Ketiiuchi K","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ketiiuchi K, Wirz-justice A, Wirz-Justice A. Circadian rhythm of heat production, heart rate, and skin and core temperature under unmasking conditions in men. Am J Physiol. 1994;267(3, Pt 2):R819-R829.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2016.1256301"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199621040-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-200041039"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31825770a7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520701535811"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181da77b0"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","first-page":"213","article-title":"Diurnal variations in responses to exercise of \u2018morning types\u2019 and \u2018evening types\u2019","volume":"28","author":"Hill DW","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hill DW, Cureton KJ, Collins MA, Cheryl Grisham S. Diurnal variations in responses to exercise of \u2018morning types\u2019 and \u2018evening types\u2019. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1988;28(3):213-219.","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2012.740314"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00030.2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","first-page":"97","article-title":"A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms","volume":"4","author":"Horne JA","year":"1976","unstructured":"Horne JA, \u00d6stberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. 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