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We explored associations between pain symptoms and substance use among injection-drug-using study participants with HIV who had histories of heroin use. Using generalized estimating equations and controlling for prior substance use, we found that pain in each six-month period was associated with the use of heroin and prescription opioids, but not the use of nonopioid drugs or alcohol. Routine clinical assessment and improved management of pain symptoms may be needed for persons with HIV and a history of injection drug use, particularly those with chronic pain, for whom there is increased risk for heroin use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/082585971503100404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,24]],"date-time":"2017-01-24T07:26:04Z","timestamp":1485242764000},"page":"228-233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Pain Symptoms Associated with Opioid Use among Vulnerable Persons with HIV: An Exploratory Study with Implications for Palliative Care and Opioid Abuse Prevention"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Amy R.","family":"Knowlton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AR Knowlton (corresponding author): Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. 624 North Broadway, Room 745, Baltimore, Maryland, USA21205"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trang Q.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TQ Nguyen: Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allysha C.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AC Robinson: Center for Surgery and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard T.H. 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