{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:59:26Z","timestamp":1777503566544,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Can J Nurs Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article overviews the second phase of a two-phase study which examined experiences of health and social exclusion among mothers experiencing homelessness in Ontario, Canada. A critical discourse analysis was employed to analyze the policy document, Realizing Our Potential: Ontario\u2019s Poverty Reduction Strategy, 2014\u20132019. In nursing, analysis of policy is an emerging form of scholarship, one that draws attention to the macro levels influencing health and health promotion, such as the social determinants of health, and the policies that impact them. The clear neo-liberal underpinnings, within the strategy, with a focus on productivity and labor market participation leave little room for an understanding of poverty reduction from a human rights perspective. Further, gender-neutrality rendered the poverty experienced by women, and mothers, invisible. Notably, there were a lack of deadlines, target dates, and thorough action and evaluation plans. Such absence troubles whether poverty reduction is truly a priority for the government, and society as a whole.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0844562116684729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,5]],"date-time":"2017-01-05T12:17:28Z","timestamp":1483618648000},"page":"100-109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ontario\u2019s Poverty Reduction Strategy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Benbow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Human Services, and Nursing, Fanshawe College, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyne","family":"Gorlick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s University College, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Forchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Health Sciences Addition, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Ward-Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Health Sciences Addition, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helene","family":"Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0844562116684729","volume-title":"About basic income and FAQs","author":"Basic Income Canada Network","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr2-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Benbow, S. (2015).\n                      Mothers experiencing homelessness: Social exclusion, resistance, and health\n                      (Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository, Paper 3407). Retrieved from http:\/\/ir.lib.uwo.ca\/etd\/3407."},{"key":"bibr3-0844562116684729","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/084456211504700305"},{"key":"bibr4-0844562116684729","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2011.01720.x"},{"key":"bibr5-0844562116684729","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2014.902359"},{"key":"bibr6-0844562116684729","volume-title":"Calculating a living wage for the Waterloo region","author":"Bruijns L.","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr7-0844562116684729","first-page":"43","volume":"32","author":"Bryant T.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social Alternatives"},{"key":"bibr8-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Burnett, C. J. (2012).\n                      Examining the effects of policies on the delivery of shelter services to women who have experienced intimate partner violence\n                      (Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository, Paper 635). Retrieved from http:\/\/ir.lib.uwo.ca\/etd\/635\/."},{"key":"bibr9-0844562116684729","volume-title":"Making health policy","author":"Buse K.","year":"2012","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr10-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Canadian Mental Health Association. (2014).\n                      Housing and mental health.\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/ontario.cmha.ca\/public_policy\/housing-and-mental-health\/."},{"key":"bibr11-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Canadian Nurses Association. (2016).\n                      Social determinants of health\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/cna-aiic.ca\/en\/on-the-issues\/better-health\/social-determinants-of-health."},{"key":"bibr12-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Canadian Women\u2019s Foundation. (2011).\n                      Submission to the commission for the review of social assistance in Ontario September 2011\n                      . http:\/\/www.mcss.gov.on.ca\/documents\/en\/mcss\/social\/commission\/A-E\/Canadian%20Womens%20Foundation.pdf."},{"key":"bibr13-0844562116684729","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ANS.0b013e3181fb2f0f"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr14-0844562116684729","first-page":"251","volume":"11","author":"Collins L.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Research on Mothering"},{"key":"bibr15-0844562116684729","volume-title":"Intersectionality","author":"Collins P. H.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr16-0844562116684729","volume-title":"A living wage as a human right","author":"Cornish M.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr17-0844562116684729","first-page":"383","volume-title":"Feminist legal theory","author":"Crenshaw K.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr18-0844562116684729","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2005.03461.x"},{"key":"bibr19-0844562116684729","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2524.2006.00616.x"},{"key":"bibr20-0844562116684729","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2011.03.009"},{"key":"bibr21-0844562116684729","volume-title":"Critical discourse analysis","author":"Fairclough N.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr22-0844562116684729","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203697078"},{"key":"bibr23-0844562116684729","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203809068.ch1"},{"key":"bibr25-0844562116684729","first-page":"31","volume":"65","author":"Fernando S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Canadian Review of Social Policy"},{"key":"bibr26-0844562116684729","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00012272-200404000-00003"},{"key":"bibr27-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Gaetz, S., Donaldson, J., Richter, T. & Gulliver, T. (2013).\n                      The state of homelessness in Canada 2013: A homeless hub research paper\n                      . Retrieved from http:\/\/www.homelesshub.ca\/ResourceFiles\/SOHC2103.pdf."},{"key":"bibr28-0844562116684729","first-page":"252","volume-title":"Social determinants of health","author":"Galabuzi G.","year":"2009","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr29-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Government of Ontario. (2008).\n                      Breaking the cycle: Ontario\u2019s poverty reduction strategy.\n                      Retrieved from https:\/\/dr6j45jk9xcmk.cloudfront.net\/documents\/3367\/breaking-the-cycle.pdf."},{"key":"bibr30-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Government of Ontario. (2009).\n                      Bill 152: An Act respecting a long-term strategy to reduce poverty in Ontario.\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ontla.on.ca\/bills\/bills-files\/39_Parliament\/Session1\/b152ra.pdf."},{"key":"bibr31-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Government of Ontario. (2010).\n                      Ontario\u2019s long-term affordable housing strategy\n                      . Retrieved from http:\/\/www.mah.gov.on.ca\/Page9187.aspx#Strategy."},{"key":"bibr63-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Government of Ontario. (2013).\n                      Ontario Disability Support Program Income Support Directives\n                      . Retrieved from http:\/\/www.mcss.gov.on.ca\/documents\/en\/mcss\/social\/directives\/odsp\/income_Support\/6_1.pdf."},{"key":"bibr64-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Government of Ontario. (2014a).\n                      Ontario Works Directives\n                      . Retrieved from http:\/\/www.mcss.gov.on.ca\/documents\/en\/mcss\/social\/directives\/ow\/0601.pdf."},{"key":"bibr32-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Government of Ontario. (2014b).\n                      Realizing our potential: Ontario\u2019s poverty reduction strategy, 2014\u20132019.\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ontario.ca\/document\/realizing-our-potential-poverty-reduction-strategy-2014-2019."},{"key":"bibr65-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Hennessey, T., Tiessen, K., Yalnizyan, A. (2013). Making every job a good job. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, Ontario. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/Ontario%20Office\/2013\/11\/Making%20Every%20Job%20a%20Good%20JobFINAL.pdf."},{"key":"bibr33-0844562116684729","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Immigrant integration: Research implications for future policy","author":"Hyman I.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr34-0844562116684729","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/20.2.89"},{"key":"bibr35-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Khanna, A., Rothman, L. & Forget, R. (2013).\n                      Campaign 2000: Report card on child and family poverty 2012.\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/www.campaign2000.ca\/reportCards\/national\/C2000ReportCardNov2012.pdf."},{"key":"bibr36-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Knudsen, S.V. (2006). Intersectionality \u2013 A theoretical inspiration in the analysis of minority cultures and identities in textbooks. Caught in the Web or lost in the textbook? In E. Bruillard, B. Aamotsbakken, S.V. Knudsen, & M. Horsley (Eds.),\n                      Caen: IARTEM, Stef, Iufm\n                      (pp.61\u201376)."},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr37-0844562116684729","first-page":"19","volume":"32","author":"MacKinnon S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social Alternatives"},{"key":"bibr38-0844562116684729","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452233826"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr39-0844562116684729","first-page":"107","volume":"29","author":"McKeen W.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Canadian Woman Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr40-0844562116684729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15453\/0191-5096.2030","volume":"19","author":"Mulroy E. A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare"},{"key":"bibr41-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Ontario Public Health Association. (2015).\n                      Basic income guarantee backgrounder.\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/www.opha.on.ca\/getmedia\/bf22640d-120c-46db-ac69-315fb9aa3c7c\/alPHa-OPHA-HEWG-Basic-Income-Backgrounder-Final-Oct-2015.pdf.aspx?ext=.pdf."},{"key":"bibr42-0844562116684729","volume-title":"Beyond policy analysis: Public issue management in turbulent times","author":"Pal L. A.","year":"2001","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr43-0844562116684729","first-page":"252","volume-title":"Critical strategies for social research","author":"Parker I.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr44-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Raphael, D. (2007). Making sense of poverty: Social inequality and social exclusion. In D. Raphael (Ed.),\n                      Poverty and policy in Canada\n                      (pp. 85\u2013111). Toronto, ON: Canadian Scholars\u2019 Press."},{"key":"bibr45-0844562116684729","volume-title":"Social determinants of health: Canadian perspectives","author":"Raphael D.","year":"2009","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr46-0844562116684729","volume-title":"The wounds of exclusion: Poverty, women\u2019s health, & social justice","author":"Reid C.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr47-0844562116684729","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Women\u2019s health in Canada","author":"Reid C.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr48-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Registered Nurses Association. (2013).\n                      Social determinants of health.\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/rnao.ca\/policy\/projects\/social-determinants-health."},{"key":"bibr49-0844562116684729","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1800.2010.00500.x"},{"key":"bibr50-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Sheyholislami, J. (2001).\n                      Critical discourse analysis\n                      . Retrieved from http:\/\/www.arleton.ca\/\u223cjsheyhol\/cda.htm."},{"key":"bibr51-0844562116684729","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1800.2007.00355.x"},{"key":"bibr52-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Social Planning Network of Ontario. (2011).\n                      Human dignity for all: Working for a poverty free Ontario\n                      . Retrieved from http:\/\/yrfn.ca\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2011\/08\/PovFreeOnt_Presentation_BW.pdf."},{"key":"bibr53-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. (2014).\n                      Low income lines 2012\u20132013\n                      (Catalogue no. 75F0002M). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/75f0002m\/75f0002m2014003-eng.pdf."},{"key":"bibr54-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. (2015).\n                      Portrait of families and living arrangements in Canada.\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/www12.statcan.ca\/census-recensement\/2011\/as-sa\/98-312-x\/98-312-x2011001-eng.cfm."},{"key":"bibr55-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. (2016).\n                      Lone-parent families: The new face of an old phenomenon\n                      . Retrieved from http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/11-630-x\/11-630-x2015002-eng.htm."},{"key":"bibr56-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Thomas, J. (2010).\n                      Re-constructing children\u2019s identities: Social work knowledge and practice in the assessment of children\u2019s identities\n                      (Unpublished PhD thesis). Cardiff School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, England. Retrieved from orca.cf.ac.uk\/55064\/1\/U585453.pdf."},{"key":"bibr57-0844562116684729","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/073993398246052"},{"key":"bibr59-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Townson, M. (2005).\n                      Poverty issues for Canadian women: Background paper\n                      (Prepared for Gender Equality Consultations). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.Rapereliefshelter.bc.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/imce\/Poverty%20Issues%20for%20Canadian%20Women%20-%20Background%20Paper.pdf."},{"key":"bibr60-0844562116684729","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt1t88x7x.9"},{"key":"bibr61-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Wellesley Institute. (2013).\n                      Poverty is a health issue: Wellesley institute submission on the poverty reduction strategy.\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/www.wellesleyinstitute.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Poverty-Reduction-Strategy-2013.pdf."},{"key":"bibr62-0844562116684729","unstructured":"Yeo, S., Ratman, C., Paradis, E., Oudshoorn, A., Nessa, B., Moser, J., Macphail, S. (2015).\n                      A framework for ending women\u2019s and girls\u2019 homelessness.\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/www.abeoudshoorn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/A-Framework-for-Ending-Womens-and-Girls-Homelessness.pdf."},{"key":"bibr66-0844562116684729","unstructured":"YMCA Canada. (2009).\n                      A turning point for young women\n                      . Retrieved on 26 August 2015 from http:\/\/ywcacanada.ca\/data\/publications\/00000006.pdf."}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Nursing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0844562116684729","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0844562116684729","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0844562116684729","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:22:02Z","timestamp":1777389722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0844562116684729"}},"subtitle":["A Critical Discourse Analysis"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0844562116684729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0844562116684729","relation":{},"ISSN":["0844-5621","1705-7051"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0844-5621","type":"print"},{"value":"1705-7051","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}}}