{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:01:07Z","timestamp":1777503667723,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ontario Graduate Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Can J Nurs Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lack of affordable housing, poverty, and intimate partner violence are among the most common reasons for homelessness among mothers and their children in Canada. Mothers experience social exclusion in compounding and debilitating ways. In the literature on social exclusion and health, rarely is safety recognized as a prominent component of social exclusion. The purpose of this critical narrative study was to better understand the unique narratives of social exclusion for mothers experiencing homelessness in Ontario. A critical narrative methodology with an intersectional lens was used. Twenty-six ( N\u2009=\u200926) mothers participated in the study. The overarching finding of unsafe spaces represents the unique forms of exclusion from safety participants experienced in public and private spaces. Emerging out of this overarching category are two intertwined subcategories of (a) exclusion from safety and (b) stigma: public surveillance and discrimination. Participants\u2019 narratives of exclusion from safety signify an ecosystem of unsafe spaces. The findings illuminate and reiterate the imperative for nurses to recognize that safety is a human right and is foundational for health. Nurses can use critical self-reflection and challenge the inherent \u201cnursing gaze\u201d to promote spaces of support rather than surveillance and engage in political advocacy to address structural inequalities, such as gender-based violence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0844562119859138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T10:34:45Z","timestamp":1562582085000},"page":"202-213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Spaces of Exclusion: Safety, Stigma, and Surveillance of Mothers Experiencing Homelessness"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6696-2689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Benbow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Community Studies, and Public Safety, Fanshawe College, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Forchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helene","family":"Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyne","family":"Gorlick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, King\u2019s College, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Ward-Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0844562119859138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10530789.2018.1548091"},{"key":"bibr2-0844562119859138","volume-title":"About basic income and FAQs","author":"Basic Income Canada Network.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr3-0844562119859138","unstructured":"Benbow S. (2015). Mothers experiencing homelessness: Social exclusion, resistance, and health (Doctoral dissertation). 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Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press."},{"key":"bibr47-0844562119859138","volume-title":"Les exclus: Un Francais sur Dix","author":"Lenoir R.","year":"1974"},{"key":"bibr48-0844562119859138","first-page":"35","volume":"72","author":"Little M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Canadian Review of Social Policy"},{"key":"bibr49-0844562119859138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162826"},{"key":"bibr50-0844562119859138","volume-title":"Housing, homelessness, and violence against women: A discussion paper","author":"Maki K.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr51-0844562119859138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X0001200402"},{"key":"bibr52-0844562119859138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X0001200403"},{"key":"bibr53-0844562119859138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13645570210166382"},{"key":"bibr54-0844562119859138","first-page":"323","volume-title":"Criminalized mothers, criminalized mothering","author":"McDonald-Harker C.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr55-0844562119859138","volume-title":"Understanding mothers experiencing homelessness: A gendered approach to finding solutions for family homelessness","author":"Milaney K.","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr56-0844562119859138","first-page":"68","volume":"21","author":"Mill J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Urban Research"},{"key":"bibr57-0844562119859138","unstructured":"Minaker J., Hogeveen B. 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Access to a basic income: Exploring a matricentric feminist approach to poverty alleviation for mothers in Ontario.\n                      Journal of the Motherhood Initiative for Research and Community Involvement\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr76-0844562119859138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5172\/hesr.451.17.1.78"},{"key":"bibr77-0844562119859138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt1t88x7x.9"},{"key":"bibr78-0844562119859138","volume-title":"\u201cI built my house of hope:\u201d Best practices to safely house abused and homeless women","author":"Tutty L. M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr79-0844562119859138","unstructured":"Van Berkum A., Oudshoorn A. (2015).\n                      Best practice guideline for ending women\u2019s and girl\u2019s homelessness\n                      . 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