{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T02:06:53Z","timestamp":1793326013192,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Can J Nurs Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women are the fastest growing population in Canadian prisons. Incarceration can limit access to essential health services, increase health risks and disrupt treatment and supports. Despite legal requirements to provide care at professionally accepted standards, evidence suggests imprisonment undermines sexual and reproductive health. This scoping review asks, \u201cWhat is known about the sexual and reproductive health of people incarcerated in prisons for women in Canada?\u201d<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We use the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for systematic scoping reviews. Databases searched include MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Gender Studies Abstracts, Google Scholar and Proquest Dissertations and grey literature. The search yielded 1424 titles and abstracts of which 15 met the criteria for inclusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conducted from 1994\u20132020, in provincial facilities in Ontario, British Columbia, Alberta and Quebec as well as federal prisons, the 15 studies included qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. The most common outcomes of interest were related to HIV. Other outcomes studied included Papanicolaou (Pap) and sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing, contraception, pregnancy, birth\/neonatal outcomes, and sexual assault.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incarceration results in lack of access to basic services including contraception and prenatal care. Legal obligations to provide sexual and reproductive health services at professionally acceptable standards appear unmet. Incarceration impedes rights of incarcerated people to sexual and reproductive health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0844562120985988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T22:58:21Z","timestamp":1611874701000},"page":"72-86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes among Incarcerated Women in Canada: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4194-8776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Paynter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada"},{"name":"School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Heggie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley","family":"McKibbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University Libraries, Halifax, NS, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Martin-Misener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0142-0643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelina","family":"Iftene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Law Institute, Schulich School of Law, Halifax, NS, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail Tomblin","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Action Canada. (2020).\n                      How common are STIs in Canada.\n                      https:\/\/www.actioncanadashr.org\/resources\/sexual-health-info\/sexually-transmitted-infections\/how-common-are-stis-canada#:\u223c:text=75%25%20of%20adults%20will%20have,virus%20that%20causes%20genital%20herpes"},{"key":"bibr2-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345818780731"},{"key":"bibr3-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305486"},{"key":"bibr4-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30068-4"},{"key":"bibr5-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200304150-00011"},{"key":"bibr6-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)30728-9"},{"key":"bibr7-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Canada. (1982).\n                      The Constitution Act\n                      . Government of Canada. https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/const\/page-15.html#h-38"},{"key":"bibr8-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Canada. (1992).\n                      Corrections and Conditional Release Act\n                      . Government of Canada. https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/C-44.6\/"},{"key":"bibr9-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Canada. (2017).\n                      Indigenous peoples and communities\n                      . Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca\/eng\/1100100013785\/1529102490303"},{"key":"bibr10-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2020).\n                      Hospital stays in Canada\n                      . https:\/\/www.cihi.ca\/en\/hospital-stays-in-canada"},{"key":"bibr11-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. (2013).\n                      Cervical Cancer\n                      . https:\/\/canadiantaskforce.ca\/guidelines\/published-guidelines\/cervical-cancer\/"},{"key":"bibr12-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.12576"},{"key":"bibr13-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.11.068"},{"key":"bibr14-0844562120985988","unstructured":"CATIE. (2018).\n                      Epidemiology of HIV in Canada Factsheet\n                      . https:\/\/www.catie.ca\/en\/fact-sheets\/epidemiology\/epidemiology-hiv-canada"},{"key":"bibr15-0844562120985988","unstructured":"CATIE. (2020).\n                      HIV in Canada Factsheet\n                      . https:\/\/www.catie.ca\/en\/hiv-canada\/2\/2-3\/2-3-8"},{"key":"bibr16-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Chief Public Health Officer of Canada. (2009).\n                      Growing up well: Priorities for a healthy future\n                      . Government of Canada.\u2009https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/corporate\/publications\/chief-public-health-officer-reports-state-public-health-canada\/report-on-state-public-health-canada-2009.html"},{"key":"bibr17-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Correctional Service of Canada. (2015).\n                      Commissioner\u2019s directive 800: Health services\n                      . https:\/\/www.csc-scc.gc.ca\/politiques-et-lois\/800-cd-eng.shtml"},{"key":"bibr18-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Cotter A., Savage L. (2019).  Gender-based violence and unwanted sexual behaviour in Canada, 2018.\n                      Statistics Canada\n                      . https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/85-002-x\/2019001\/article\/00017-eng.htm"},{"key":"bibr19-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Cousins B. (2020).  Provincial jails released thousands of inmates among calls to slow the spread of COVID-19\n                      . CTV\n                      . https:\/\/www.ctvnews.ca\/canada\/provincial-jails-released-thousands-of-inmates-amid-calls-to-slow-the-spread-of-covid-19-1.5061829"},{"key":"bibr20-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Covidence Systematic Review Software. (2020).\n                      Veritas Health Innovation\n                      , Melbourne, Australia. www.covidence.org"},{"key":"bibr21-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2004\/695483"},{"key":"bibr22-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199610090-00012"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr23-0844562120985988","first-page":"657","volume":"162","author":"Elwood Martin R.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"bibr24-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03405133"},{"key":"bibr25-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1757975909348114"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr26-0844562120985988","first-page":"1605","volume":"153","author":"Ford P.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"bibr27-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02666-7"},{"key":"bibr28-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.10.1637"},{"key":"bibr29-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012676"},{"key":"bibr30-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/494543"},{"key":"bibr31-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886109919878274"},{"key":"bibr32-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.5637"},{"key":"bibr33-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1758-6"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr34-0844562120985988","first-page":"215","volume":"62","author":"Kouyoumdjian F.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Canadian Family Physician Medecin de Famille Canadien"},{"key":"bibr35-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2016.03.011"},{"key":"bibr36-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Malakieh J. (2019). Adult and youth correctional statistics in Canada, 2017\/2018.\n                      Statistics Canada\n                      . https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/85-002-x\/2019001\/article\/00010-eng.htm"},{"key":"bibr37-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.171357"},{"key":"bibr38-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535"},{"key":"bibr39-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2019.0100"},{"key":"bibr41-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Canadian Friends Service Committee (2019). Breaking the Silence: Dialogue on Children of Incarcerated Parents. https:\/\/quakerservice.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Breaking-the-Silence-Report-2019.pdf#:\u223c:text=Breaking%20the%20Silence%20documents%20a,or%20other%20forms%20of%20detention."},{"key":"bibr42-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Office of the Correctional Investigator. (2020).\n                      Annual report 2018-2019\n                      . https:\/\/www.oci-bec.gc.ca\/cnt\/rpt\/annrpt\/annrpt20182019-eng.aspx#s7"},{"key":"bibr43-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer. (2018).\n                      Update on costs of incarceration\n                      . https:\/\/www.pbo-dpb.gc.ca\/en\/blog\/news\/Update_Incarcertation"},{"key":"bibr44-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1748895806065534"},{"key":"bibr45-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-06-2020-0039"},{"key":"bibr46-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14837"},{"key":"bibr47-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.12766"},{"key":"bibr48-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12927\/cjnl.2020.26189"},{"key":"bibr49-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/cjccj.2018-0012.r2"},{"key":"bibr50-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters M., Godfrey C., McInerney P., Munn Z., Tricco A., Khalil H. (2020). Chapter 11: Scoping reviews. In E. Aromataris & Z. Munn (Eds.), JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI.https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46658\/JBIMES-20-12","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIRM-20-01"},{"key":"bibr51-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315778"},{"key":"bibr52-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300374"},{"key":"bibr53-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Public Safety Canada. (2018).\n                      2017 Corrections and conditional release statistical overview.\n                      Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.publicsafety.gc.ca\/cnt\/rsrcs\/pblctns\/ccrso-2017\/index-en.aspx"},{"key":"bibr54-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Public Safety Canada. (2019).\n                      2018 Corrections and conditional release statistical overview\n                      . Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.publicsafety.gc.ca\/cnt\/rsrcs\/pblctns\/ccrso-2018\/index-en.aspx#sectionc4"},{"key":"bibr55-0844562120985988","unstructured":"Reitano J. (2017).\n                      Adult correctional statistics in Canada 2015\/2016\n                      . Statistics Canada. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/85-002-x\/2017001\/article\/14700-eng.htm"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr56-0844562120985988","first-page":"781","volume":"151","author":"Rothon D.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"bibr57-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-017-0189-6"},{"key":"bibr58-0844562120985988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.190183"},{"key":"bibr59-0844562120985988","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2011).\n                      Rules for the treatment of women prisoners and non-custodial measures for women offenders. \u201cThe Bangkok Rules\u201d United Nations\n                      . https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/justice-and-prison-reform\/Bangkok_Rules_ENG_22032015.pdf"},{"key":"bibr60-0844562120985988","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2015).\n                      Standard minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners: The Nelson Mandela rules\n                      . United Nations. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/justice-and-prison-reform\/GA-RESOLUTION\/E_ebook.pdf"},{"key":"bibr61-0844562120985988","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2020). Children: Improving survival and wellbeing. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/children-reducing-mortality"},{"key":"bibr62-0844562120985988","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (n d.). Reproductive health in the Western pacific.\n                      Reproductive Health\n                      . https:\/\/www.who.int\/westernpacific\/health-topics\/reproductive-health#:\u223c:text=Reproductive%20health%20is%20a%20state,to%20its%20functions%20and%20processes"},{"key":"bibr63-0844562120985988","unstructured":"World Prison Brief. (2020).\n                      World prison brief\n                      . https:\/\/prisonstudies.org\/country\/canada"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Nursing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0844562120985988","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0844562120985988","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0844562120985988","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:22:29Z","timestamp":1777389749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0844562120985988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0844562120985988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0844562120985988","relation":{},"ISSN":["0844-5621","1705-7051"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0844-5621","type":"print"},{"value":"1705-7051","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]}}}