{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:25:05Z","timestamp":1777922705659,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9-10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Viral Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The immunological properties of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg), prepared using yeast (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    [SC]) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, were evaluated through\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    assays to support the efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccines.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , antigenicity was assessed by measuring the affinity of rHBsAg to anti-HB antibodies using surface plasmon resonance.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vivo,<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice were intraperitoneally injected with 3 \u00b5g of simulated vaccines containing anti-HB antibodies absorbed onto aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Humoral responses were evaluated by measuring serum anti-HB antibody titers and seroconversion rates on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. Cellular immune responses were assessed based on cytokine (Interferon-\u03b3-IFN-\u03b3) and (Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1- TNF-\u03b1) production from splenic lymphocytes on day 28 postimmunization. A recombinant Huh-7-HBsAg cell line, developed to analyze cellular immune responses, was established through cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the equilibrium dissociation constant (K\n                    <jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of rHBsAg from CHO cells was significantly lower than that from yeast cells, indicating stronger antibody affinity.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , rHBsAg-CHO induced faster and higher antibody titers compared with rHBsAg-SC. Cellular responses showed higher levels of TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3 for rHBsAg-CHO. In addition, the rHBsAg-CHO group exhibited higher late apoptosis rates in target cells. The rates induced in the rHBsAg-CHO and rHBsAg-SC groups were 25.0% and 19.2%, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the immunological properties of rHBsAg vary based on the expression systems and provides nonclinical data supporting the evaluation of vaccine efficacy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08828245251389235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T08:16:26Z","timestamp":1760948186000},"page":"331-337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the Immunological Properties of Recombinant Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Using a Multitiered\n                    <i>In Vivo<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Approach"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0826-5954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianshu","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunran","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute for Drug 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