{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:25:16Z","timestamp":1777922716525,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Viral Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepatitis C is a chronic liver disease caused by infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), representing a major concern for global public health. The interferon gamma and interferon gamma receptor-1 (IFN-\u03b3R1) genes play a significant role in viral infections. This study aims to investigate the association between polymorphisms in the IFN-\u03b3 and IFN-\u03b3R1 genes and the chronicity of HCV infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 310 participants, comprising 150 chronic Hepatitis C (CHC) patients and 160 healthy controls. Nucleic acids were isolated, and PCR was used for HCV detection. The intron-1 of IFN-\u03b3 and promoter-56 of IFN-\u03b3R1 genes were amplified through PCR and sequenced through Sanger\u2019s method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The frequency of TT, AT, and AA genotypes of the IFN-\u03b3 at +874 in CHC patients was (20%), (57%), and (23%), while in healthy control, it was (46%), (38%), and (16%), respectively (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001). In non-cirrhotic patients, they were (25.6%), (41.1%), and (33.3%); in cirrhotic patients, they were (26.3%), (39.5%), and (34.2%), while in HCC patients, they were (18.2%), (50%), and (31.8%). The AA genotype shows significant association with chronic liver complications (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.017). The frequency of TT, TC, and CC genotypes of the IFN-\u03b3R1 gene at \u221256 was (21%), (43%), and (36%) in CHC patients, while in healthy individuals (38%), (21%), and (41%), (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001). In non-cirrhotic patients, they were (30%), (49%), and (21%); in cirrhotic patients, they were (32%), (44%), and (24%), while in HCC patients, they were (22%), (46%), and (32%) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.027). The TC genotype is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing liver cirrhosis and HCC in CHC patients compared to healthy controls.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study shows that the AA genotype of the IFN-\u03b3 and TC genotype of the IFN-\u03b3R1 genes are associated with increased susceptibility and HCV chronicity. While the TT genotype of the IFN-\u03b3 and the CC genotype of the IFN-\u03b3R1 may confer a protective effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/08828245251415180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T12:28:41Z","timestamp":1768393721000},"page":"72-80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of IFN-\u03b3 and IFN-\u03b3 Receptor-1 Genes Polymorphisms with Hepatitis C Virus Infection Chronicity and Severity in Pakistani Patients"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7400-1549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khair","family":"Rafiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoological Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanaullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoological Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Bar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoological Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Fawad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences University of Insubria, Varese, Italy."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Yaqoob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoological Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Adnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoological Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i42.6656"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14744\/hf.2019.0002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028480"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1080100"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2021.22.6.1821"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10472"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-010-9232-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","first-page":"379","volume-title":"Clinical Immunology E-Book: Principles and Practice","author":"Chinen J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chinen J, , Paul ME, , Shearer WT, et al. 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