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Despite ongoing research, no definitive cure has been identified. Preventive measures, including vaccines and monoclonal antibody-based interventions, have been developed to protect vulnerable populations, and hundreds of therapeutic candidates have been evaluated worldwide. Complementing these strategies, vitamin D and zinc (Zn) supplementation have emerged as promising, accessible adjunctive strategies due to their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. This review synthesizes current experimental, clinical, and epidemiological evidence on the roles of vitamin D and Zn in modulating immune responses relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Available data suggest that adequate vitamin D and Zn status may support immune function, reduce excessive inflammation, and potentially mitigate disease severity, particularly in deficient individuals. However, clinical trial outcomes remain heterogeneous. Overall, vitamin D and Zn supplementation may be considered supportive, adjunctive preventive measures. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials are required to define their optimal use in COVID-19 prevention and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08828245261426982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T18:30:31Z","timestamp":1773253831000},"page":"97-112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vitamin D and Zinc in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Immunomodulatory Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Md Ekhlas","family":"Uddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh."},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7412-5656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md","family":"Asaduzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tasnim","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sohel","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sukalyan Kumar","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mehedi Hasan","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mosaddequl","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Mosharraf","family":"Hossen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Ramjan","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plasma Cell Research Center, Dhaka 1340, Dhaka, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Mominul Islam","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Development Institute (Nano Project Group), Moorim P&amp;P Co., Ltd, Ulsan, South Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-71029-5_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010051"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0558-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","volume-title":"Autoimmunity: From Bench to Bedside","author":"Anaya J-M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Anaya J-M, , Shoenfeld Y, , Rojas-Villarraga A, et al. 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