{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:29:24Z","timestamp":1787243364633,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Science Fund Project","award":["No.: 82360260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.: 82360260"]}]},{"name":"the Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Virology Project","award":["202205AG070053-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202205AG070053-09"]}]},{"name":"the Kunming University of Science and Technology Medical Joint Special Project","award":["KUST-KH2022050J"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KUST-KH2022050J"]}]},{"name":"the Yunnan Province \u201cXingdian Talent Support Program\u201d Distinguished Physician Special Talent Project","award":["XDYC-MY-2022-0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDYC-MY-2022-0016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Viral Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) bears notable similarities to the dysregulated inflammatory response occurring during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. B cells play a pivotal role among immune cells in the pathogenesis of both these diseases. Consequently, clarifying the molecular mechanism underlying B cell function in COVID-19 and MS is of great significance for formulating more efficient treatment strategies. A comprehensive analysis integrating single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), genome-wide association study, and expression quantitative trait locus data from patients with COVID-19 and MS was performed. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed pathways and functional roles associated with the key genes, while pseudotime analysis tracked their expression patterns across different B cell developmental trajectories. The results of scRNA-seq analysis showed that, in comparison with the healthy control group, the proportion of B cells rose in patients with COVID-19 and those with MS. Through differential expression analysis and Mendelian randomization analysis,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">DR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IKZF3<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">RUVBL2<\/jats:italic>\n                    were identified as risk factors for both COVID-19 and MS, whereas\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ANAPC5<\/jats:italic>\n                    was characterized as a protective factor against these two conditions. The findings of the pseudotime analysis indicated that only\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IKZF3<\/jats:italic>\n                    had differential expression across different branches of B cells.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IKZF3<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2019s role in promoting immune inflammation and inhibiting metabolism could potentially be linked to the onset and comorbidity of COVID-19 and MS. This emphasizes not only the possible interaction mechanisms between these two diseases but also their clinical significance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08828245261426986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T11:28:45Z","timestamp":1773746925000},"page":"158-169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Single-Cell and Mendelian Randomization Analyses Identify Key Genes Common to COVID-19 and Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Shuping","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sikai","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Qujing Medical college, Qujing, Yunnan, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guichun","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinglin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kunming Panlong District People\u2019s Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8727-1257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunwen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.775168"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","first-page":"383","article-title":"Principal Component Analysis (PCA)","volume":"99","author":"Ben Salem K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ben Salem K, , Ben Abdelaziz A. Principal Component Analysis (PCA). 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