{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T04:05:55Z","timestamp":1780113955005,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Viral Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The SEN virus (SENV), a DNA virus that has been linked to blood transfusion, is a major cause of post-transfusion hepatitis. SENV-D and SENV-H are non-A to E hepatitis viruses. The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of SENV-D\/H among dialysis patients and blood donors as control group in Diyala province\/Iraq. This study includes 120 participants: 80 dialysis patients who have been attending the Ibn-Sina Dialysis Center-Diyala Directorate of Health were previously diagnosed with the disease, and 40 individuals as controls were selected at random from blood donors at the Central Blood Bank during the period from 1\/5\/2025 to 30\/11\/2025. Full information had been taken directly from the patients, and the information had been arranged in an informative formula sheet, which includes age and gender. All study subjects were screened for nested polymerase chain reaction. The SENV-D prevalence was 10 (12.50%) and 0.00% for dialysis patients and controls, respectively, and SENV-H was 5 (6.25%) and 1 (2.50%) for dialysis patients and controls, respectively. The SENV co-infection rate of genotypes D and H was 3 (7.50%) in the dialysis group, and no cases in the control group were found. A very strong association was found between the distinct SENV genotypes and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) or Hepatitis C virus (HCV) status. Positivity for SENV was also correlated with high serum Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT). SENV-D\u2002and SENV-H were more prevalent among hemodialysis patients than in normal blood donors. The presence\u2002of SEN-V in both groups indicates its categorization as a blood-borne virus and suggests risk for transmission by blood exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08828245261438006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T15:51:26Z","timestamp":1774885886000},"page":"177-183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of SEN Virus-D and SEN Virus-H Among Hemodialysis Patients in Diyala Province"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Ibtihal","family":"Hameed Mohsin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Diyala University, Diyala, Iraq."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8180-8104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ansam Dawod","family":"Salman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Diyala University, Diyala, Iraq."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luma Ghaeb","family":"Alsaadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Sciences, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.37329"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","article-title":"Prevalence of SEN virus (SEN-V) infection among patients on maintenance hemodialysis in Egypt","volume":"15","author":"Abd El-Hady SI","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abd El-Hady SI, , Zaki SM, , El-Sayed AA, et al. Prevalence of SEN virus (SEN-V) infection among patients on maintenance hemodialysis in Egypt. Egypt J Med Microbiol, 2006; 15(1).","journal-title":"Egypt J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.107784"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","first-page":"L13","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress markers in B-thalassemic Iraqi patients infected with hepatitis C virus diagnosed by RT-PCR","volume":"9","author":"Al-Ani SK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Ani SK, , Al-Ouqaili MT, , Awad MM. The role of oxidative stress markers in B-thalassemic Iraqi patients infected with hepatitis C virus diagnosed by RT-PCR. 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Acta Biomed, 2022; 93(5):e2022237.","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007880"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32947\/ajps.v20i3.758"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvae240"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","article-title":"Molecular and genotypic study of SENV-D virus coinfection in \u03b2-thalassemic patients infected with the hepatitis C virus in Iraq","author":"Awad M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Awad M. Molecular and genotypic study of SENV-D virus coinfection in \u03b2-thalassemic patients infected with the hepatitis C virus in Iraq. Int J Green Pharm, 2018.","journal-title":"Int J Green Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Correlation study between serum AFP and ALT (SGPT) level in acute viral hepatitis","volume":"4","author":"Chethan C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chethan C, , Valliyamma V. Correlation study between serum AFP and ALT (SGPT) level in acute viral hepatitis. Acta Biomed Sci, 2017; 4(1):11\u201313.","journal-title":"Acta Biomed Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/ejmm.2023.277793"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.03.067"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781032622156"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","first-page":"168","article-title":"Detection of SENV virus in healthy, hepatitis B- and hepatitis C-infected individuals in Yazd Province, Iran","volume":"20","author":"Hosseini SA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hosseini SA, , Bouzari M. Detection of SENV virus in healthy, hepatitis B- and hepatitis C-infected individuals in Yazd Province, Iran. Iran Biomed J, 2016; 20(3):168\u2013174.","journal-title":"Iran Biomed J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","unstructured":"Ismail SM Amany GT Sherine AR et al. 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