{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T22:12:06Z","timestamp":1785881526908,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]],"date-time":"2006-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Child Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The neuroanatomy and neurochemistry underlying tic disorders are thought to involve corticostriatothalamocortical circuits and dysregulation of their component neurotransmitter systems. Tourette syndrome is a tic disorder that begins in childhood and follows a waxing and waning course of tic severity. Although it is generally believed to have a genetic component, its etiology has not been fully elucidated. The clinical entity pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS) has led some to suggest that the pathophysiology of tics in some individuals might involve a postinfectious autoimmune component. We review the neural circuits and neurochemistry of Tourette syndrome and evaluate the evidence for and against a role for autoimmunity in the expression of tics. (J Child Neurol 2006;21:678\u2014689; DOI 10.2310\/7010.2006.00166).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738060210080901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]],"date-time":"2007-06-21T22:00:05Z","timestamp":1182463205000},"page":"678-689","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Tic Disorders: Neural Circuits, Neurochemistry, and Neuroimmunology"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Kendra","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harvey S.","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"48","volume":"31","author":"Kiessling LS","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.2.264","volume":"155","author":"Swedo SE","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200306000-00017"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.4.907"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462004000400002"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.4.883"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.08.005"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(03)90012-X"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00428-2"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(00)00039-4"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502624102"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000190258.92496.a4"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.07.004"},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"Hall M., Costa DC, Shields J. :Brain perfusion patterns with 99Tcm-HMPAO\/SPECT in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome-short report, in Schmidt HAE, van Schoot JB (eds): Nuclear Medicine: The State of the Art of Nuclear Medicine in Europe. Stuttgart, Schattauer, 1991, 243\u2014245."},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"207","volume":"58","author":"Riddle MA","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"atypb17","first-page":"61","volume":"51","author":"Baxter LR","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00428-6"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.5.950"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.2.410"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.8.741"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.4.415"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000180957.98702.69"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(96)00042-1"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(93)90167-W"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000044058.64647.7E"},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb27","first-page":"S53","volume":"47","author":"Canales JJ","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02581"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.001"},{"key":"atypb30","author":"Wong DF","year":"2005","journal-title":"Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389801300607"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617700000631"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.5.427"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.1.85"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(02)00066-5"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.2.477"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.11.2028"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.4.326"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00575-3"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.9.1277"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2003.12.006"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1983.04210070048013"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20765"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)03165-2"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1406"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00540.x"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.068460"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(01)00262-4"},{"key":"atypb49","first-page":"1243","volume":"38","author":"Wong DF","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300408"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-690X.2004.00214.x"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2003.06.001"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.8.1329"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(94)01066-T"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(91)90196-U"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20109"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300819"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119701100205"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0413"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-200512000-00015"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(00)00358-0"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(05)64005-6"},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)02516-2"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01546.x"},{"key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320360410"},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270415"},{"key":"atypb67","first-page":"123","volume":"58","author":"Anderson GM","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410060109"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.4.1069"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.05.031"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-3320-4"},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00586-X"},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1116502"},{"key":"atypb74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.5.2820","volume":"151","author":"Bronze MS","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"atypb75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.144.4.1094"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(98)00074-X"},{"key":"atypb77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000183223.69946.f1"},{"key":"atypb78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.6.1618"},{"key":"atypb79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01575-7"},{"key":"atypb80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.12.004"},{"key":"atypb81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408995102"},{"key":"atypb82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.6.e578"},{"key":"atypb83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01096-4"},{"key":"atypb84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11373-005-9033-y"},{"key":"atypb85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.5.602"},{"key":"atypb86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20310","volume":"20","author":"Martino D.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"atypb87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(01)00370-8"},{"key":"atypb88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.10.014"},{"key":"atypb89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00125-6"},{"key":"atypb90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(01)00215-3"},{"key":"atypb91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(02)00507-6"},{"key":"atypb92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.4.364"},{"key":"atypb93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20052"},{"key":"atypb94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.031880"},{"key":"atypb95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00020-7"},{"key":"atypb96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.9.848"},{"key":"atypb97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.12.035"},{"key":"atypb98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(00)00320-9"},{"key":"atypb99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.4.657"},{"key":"atypb100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10522"},{"key":"atypb101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12297-3"},{"key":"atypb102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540100012008"}],"container-title":["Journal of Child Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08830738060210080901","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08830738060210080901","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T20:33:16Z","timestamp":1777494796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08830738060210080901"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08830738060210080901"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08830738060210080901","relation":{},"ISSN":["0883-0738","1708-8283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0883-0738","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}}}