{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:39:38Z","timestamp":1790894378334,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,13]],"date-time":"2007-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1197504000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Child Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The American Academy of Neurology now recommends that all cases of cerebral palsy of unknown origin undergo neuroimaging. Controversy surrounds this recommendation because of concerns about the adequacy of the supporting evidence. This article reviews the evidence provided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) imaging studies in cerebral palsy and discusses the potential benefits of imaging, techniques in current use, and future directions, with a focus on improving etiologic understanding. Most (83%) children with cerebral palsy have abnormal neuroradiological findings, with white matter damage the most common abnormality. Combined gray and white matter abnormalities are more common among children with hemiplegia; isolated white matter abnormalities are more common with bilateral spasticity or athetosis, and with ataxia; isolated gray matter damage is the least common finding. About 10% of cerebral palsy is attributable to brain malformations, and 17% of cerebral palsy cases have no abnormality detectable by conventional MR or CT imaging. Although neuroimaging studies have increased our understanding of the abnormalities in brain development in cerebral palsy, they are less informative than they might be because of 4 common problems: (1) inappropriate assignment of etiology to morphologic findings, (2) inconsistent descriptions of radiologic findings, (3) uncertain relationship of pathologic findings to brain insult timing estimates, and (4) study designs that are not based on generalizable samples. Neuroimaging is not necessarily required for diagnosis of cerebral palsy because the disorder is based on clinical findings. The principal contribution of imaging is to the understanding of etiology and pathogenesis, including ruling in or out conditions that may have implications for genetic counseling, such as malformations. In the future, as more sophisticated imaging procedures are applied to cerebral palsy, specific morphologic findings may be linked to etiologic events or exposures, thus leading to potential pathways for prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807307983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,8]],"date-time":"2008-02-08T12:08:18Z","timestamp":1202472498000},"page":"216-227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":188,"title":["A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging for Cerebral Palsy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Korzeniewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gretchen","family":"Birbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"DeLano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Potchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Paneth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Paper presented at","author":"Little WJ"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Die Infantilen Cerebrallahmungen","author":"Freud S.","year":"1897"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Infantile cerebral paralysis","author":"Freud S.","year":"1968"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S001216220500112X"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.suppl_1.i23"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2779(1997)3:2<118::AID-MRDD3>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.05.014"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"247","volume":"18","author":"Hyakawa K.","year":"1997","journal-title":"AJNR"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000117981.35364.1B"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.63.10.1985-a"},{"issue":"10","key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.63.10.1986","volume":"63","author":"Whelan MA","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470693926"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"How to Review the Evidence: Systematic Identification and Review of the Scientific Literature","author":"National Health and Medical Research Council.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.13.1602"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(93)90020-D"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb16","first-page":"85","volume":"55","author":"Chen YH","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Jpn Orthopaed Assoc"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-973499"},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"439","volume":"38","author":"Clayeys V.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Helv Paediatr Acta"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410090407"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(96)00174-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb21","first-page":"247","volume":"18","author":"Hayakawa K.","year":"1997","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02841859609177725"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2005.tb03071.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb24","first-page":"125","volume":"42","author":"Hou M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"atypb25","first-page":"210","volume":"27","author":"Humphreys P.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(79)80044-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb27","first-page":"239","volume":"97","author":"Jaw T.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1980.tb04373.x"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00589108"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02010628"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1059643"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1071311"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1995.tb12022.x"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1071401"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2004.02.005"},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb36","first-page":"619","volume":"39","author":"Lee JD","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1071271"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1052456"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1994.tb11790.x"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07447.x"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.1998.39.2.103"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2001000100007"},{"issue":"10","key":"atypb43","first-page":"908","volume":"32","author":"Ramos J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1071588"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-62-735-248"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(02)00025-6"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1071545"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1995.tb12007.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1052353","volume":"15","author":"Taudorf K.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb50","first-page":"67","volume":"13","author":"Truwit CL","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0278"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2000.00484.x"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14781.x"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11955.x"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00589107"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1071311"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1988.tb14939.x"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1071430"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1071417"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1995.tb12022.x"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-973787"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162205000265","volume":"47","author":"Rosenbaum P.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol."},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02841851960373P279"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1962.04210050022004"},{"key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.152.3.583"},{"key":"atypb66","volume-title":"Pediatric Neuroimaging","author":"Barkovich AJ","year":"1990","edition":"1"},{"key":"atypb67","volume-title":"Pediatric Neuroimaging","author":"Barkovich AJ","year":"1995","edition":"2"},{"issue":"6","key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07448.x","volume":"39","author":"Okumura A.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol."},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00540238"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(78)90064-3"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00339394"},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)60494-X"},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199006001-00008"},{"key":"atypb74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200004000-00003"},{"key":"atypb75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2006.03.002"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440413"},{"key":"atypb77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70458-0"},{"key":"atypb78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70432-0"},{"key":"atypb79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.104207"},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb80","first-page":"301","volume":"30","author":"Moon JB","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Perinat Med."},{"key":"atypb81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.2001.0988"},{"key":"atypb82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410430213"},{"key":"atypb83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.06.001"},{"key":"atypb84","first-page":"543","volume":"15","author":"Neil J.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucl Magn Reson Biomed"},{"key":"atypb85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.178.1.1780003"},{"key":"atypb86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738050200120201"},{"key":"atypb87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2393041523"},{"key":"atypb88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.05.018"},{"key":"atypb89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810000280"},{"key":"atypb90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.217.2.r00nv24331"},{"key":"atypb91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.1.1"},{"issue":"5","key":"atypb92","first-page":"448","volume":"24","author":"Miller SP","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci."},{"key":"atypb93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70251-9"},{"key":"atypb94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199810000-00019"},{"issue":"3","key":"atypb95","first-page":"550","volume":"44","author":"Inder T.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"atypb96","first-page":"1490","volume":"21","author":"Forbes KPN","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"atypb97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunter JV, Wang ZJ MR spectroscopy in pediatric neuroradiology. In: Barkovich AJ, Zimmerman RA, eds. MRI Clinics of North America. Vol. 9. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders ; 2001:165-191.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1064-9689(21)00063-5"},{"key":"atypb98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199807000-00001"},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb99","first-page":"247","volume":"31","author":"Harned RK","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"atypb100","first-page":"796","volume":"24","author":"Forbes KP","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"atypb101","first-page":"1035","volume":"11","author":"Kjos B.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"atypb102","volume-title":"Survey on Professional Liability","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.","year":"2003"},{"issue":"5","key":"atypb103","first-page":"439","volume":"38","author":"Claeys V.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Helvet Paediatr Acta"}],"container-title":["Journal of Child Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0883073807307983","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0883073807307983","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T20:34:58Z","timestamp":1777494898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0883073807307983"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,13]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0883073807307983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073807307983","relation":{},"ISSN":["0883-0738","1708-8283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0883-0738","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,13]]}}}