{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T09:35:12Z","timestamp":1789724112639,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Child Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the United States, approximately 80\u00a0000 women consume ethanol through all 3 trimesters of pregnancy each year. In this article, we review prevalence rates of prenatal alcohol exposure in the United States and discuss the mechanisms of prenatal alcohol exposure and placental-umbilical effects. Cigarette smoking and delayed prenatal care are often associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. In addition, increased risk for postnatal adversity is common, including maternal depression, foster care placement, and developmental delay. In part 2, we review prevalence rates and the diagnostic criteria for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and the implications for child neurologists. We discuss management strategies and the importance of a long-term management plan and anticipatory management to prevent the development of secondary disabilities in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Child neurologists play a key role in diagnosis and the development of appropriate intervention programs for affected children and their families.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073811428376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,20]],"date-time":"2012-02-20T01:13:40Z","timestamp":1329700420000},"page":"258-263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders\u2014 Implications for Child Neurology, Part 1: Prenatal Exposure and Dosimetry"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Ashley","family":"Paintner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Dakota Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Dakota Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Burd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Dakota Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0883073811428376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr006"},{"key":"bibr2-0883073811428376","first-page":"476","volume":"21","author":"Lemoine P","year":"1968","journal-title":"Quest Medicale"},{"key":"bibr3-0883073811428376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91092-1"},{"issue":"19","key":"bibr4-0883073811428376","first-page":"529","volume":"58","author":"CDC","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr5-0883073811428376","first-page":"1485","volume":"170","author":"Forrest JD","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"bibr6-0883073811428376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30010"},{"key":"bibr7-0883073811428376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-5217-5"},{"key":"bibr8-0883073811428376","unstructured":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 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