{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:46:45Z","timestamp":1791524805456,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,12]],"date-time":"2014-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407801600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Child Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We applied PET scanning with\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C-[R]-PK11195 (PK) to evaluate neuroinflammatory changes in basal ganglia and thalamus in children with clinically diagnosed pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS) and Tourette syndrome. Seventeen children with PANDAS (mean age: 11.4 \u00b1 2.6 years; 13 males), 12 with Tourette syndrome (mean age: 11.0 \u00b1 3.0 years; 10 males), and 15 normal adults (mean age: 28.7 \u00b1 7.9 years; 8 males) underwent dynamic PK PET imaging and binding potential, a measure of ligand-TSPO receptor (expressed by activated microglia) binding, was calculated for basal ganglia and thalamus. Binding potential values, suggesting underlying activated microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, were found to be increased in bilateral caudate and bilateral lentiform nucleus in the PANDAS group and in bilateral caudate nuclei only in the Tourette syndrome group, compared to control group. These differences in the pattern and extent of neuroinflammation also signify a possible difference in pathophysiological etiology between PANDAS and Tourette syndrome patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073814543303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,13]],"date-time":"2014-08-13T09:31:20Z","timestamp":1407922280000},"page":"749-756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Evaluation of Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Inflammation in Children With Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infection and Tourette Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Ajay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Positron Emission Tomography Center, Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchel T.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry T.","family":"Chugani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Positron Emission Tomography Center, Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0883073814543303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.2.264"},{"key":"bibr2-0883073814543303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.2.227"},{"key":"bibr3-0883073814543303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2008.05.001"},{"key":"bibr4-0883073814543303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-009-9332-6"},{"key":"bibr5-0883073814543303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181beed27"},{"key":"bibr6-0883073814543303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2657"},{"key":"bibr7-0883073814543303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.10.011"},{"key":"bibr8-0883073814543303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2010.0043"},{"key":"bibr9-0883073814543303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181bd10fd"},{"key":"bibr10-0883073814543303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32831db2c4"},{"key":"bibr11-0883073814543303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000183223.69946.f1"},{"key":"bibr12-0883073814543303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(96)10049-7"},{"key":"bibr13-0883073814543303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018567510105"},{"key":"bibr14-0883073814543303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.10.002"},{"key":"bibr15-0883073814543303","first-page":"179","author":"Cagnin 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