{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T10:32:23Z","timestamp":1777804343735,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]],"date-time":"2019-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546473600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Child Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis is a rare, immune-mediated disorder of the brainstem and peripheral nervous system. Published knowledge of pediatric Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis focuses on the acute phase of the disease process. This study evaluated long-term neurologic and immune sequelae of Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis in children. A single-center retrospective chart review was performed. Clinical data, neuroimaging, polysomnograms, and serum data were reviewed. Five patients were included in this study. Four patients had no neurologic residua, and 1 patient continued to have mild bulbar dysfunction. There was neither recurrence of symptoms nor development of other neurologic or immunologic disorders at a median of 3 years after diagnosis. Review of systems was largely negative, although 2 patients endorsed symptoms consistent with mild orthostatic hypotension for 1 year after diagnosis, but these findings were not sustained. Four of 5 patients endorsed sleep dysregulation. Three patients met criteria for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Prognosis following pediatric Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis is excellent although posttreatment autonomic and sleep dysregulation may reflect residua from acute phase inflammation in the peripheral nervous system and connections of the reticular activating formation of the brainstem, although this was time limited. Further prospective, multicenter, analysis is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073818820488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]],"date-time":"2019-01-03T06:40:27Z","timestamp":1546497627000},"page":"153-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Long-term Sequelae of Pediatric Bickerstaff Brainstem Encephalitis Includes Autonomic and Sleep Dysregulation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8350-8234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Santoro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0883073818820488","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195607122550201"},{"key":"bibr2-0883073818820488","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0775-0"},{"key":"bibr3-0883073818820488","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.8.1104"},{"key":"bibr4-0883073818820488","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303060"},{"key":"bibr5-0883073818820488","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13090"},{"key":"bibr6-0883073818820488","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8684-8"},{"key":"bibr7-0883073818820488","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/NCC:5:3:235"},{"key":"bibr8-0883073818820488","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.3.333"},{"key":"bibr9-0883073818820488","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000173284.25581.2f"},{"key":"bibr10-0883073818820488","volume-title":"International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2nd Edition. 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