{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:09:06Z","timestamp":1792804146438,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646611200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Child Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Status dystonicus is a life-threatening, underrecognized movement disorder emergency. We aimed to ascertain the etiology, clinical presentation, complications, and outcomes of status dystonicus in children and reviewed the literature for similar studies. Methods: Records of all children aged &lt;14 years admitted to a single center with status dystonicus between 2014 and 2018 were reviewed. Results: Twenty-four children (75% male) were identified with status dystonicus. The annual incidence rate was 0.05 per 1000 new admissions &lt;12 years of age. The mean age at presentation was 6.3\u2009\u00b1\u20093.6 years. Median duration of hospital stay was 10.5 days (interquartile range 5-21.7). The severity of dystonia at presentation was grade 3 (n\u2009=\u20099; 37.5%) and 4 (n\u2009=\u20099; 37.5%). The most common triggering factor was intercurrent illness\/infection (n\u2009=\u200918; 75%). The most common underlying etiologies were cerebral palsy (n\u2009=\u20098; 33.3%), complicated tubercular meningitis (n\u2009=\u20093; 12.5%), and mitochondrial disorders (n\u2009=\u20093; 12.5%). Basal ganglia involvement was seen in 15 cases (62.5%). Respiratory and\/or bulbar compromise (n\u2009=\u200920; 83.3%) and rhabdomyolysis (n\u2009=\u200915; 62.5%) were most commonly seen. Oral trihexyphenidyl (96%) followed by oral or intravenous diazepam (71%), oral baclofen (67%), and midazolam infusion (54%) were the most common drugs used. Clonidine was used in 33% cases, without any significant side effects. Three children died owing to refractory status dystonicus and its complications; the mortality rate was 12.5%. Conclusion Status dystonicus is a neurologic emergency in children with severe dystonia, with significant complications and a high mortality rate. Static and acquired disorders are more common than heredo-familial causes. Identification and treatment of infection in children is important as the majority of cases are triggered by an intercurrent infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738221081593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T06:26:38Z","timestamp":1646634398000},"page":"441-450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Status Dystonicus in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study and Review of Literature"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5747-8975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arushi Gahlot","family":"Saini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ijas","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanika","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayashree","family":"Muralidharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency and Intensive Care Units, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumeet","family":"Dhawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3153-0736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lokesh","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7003-7218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renu","family":"Suthar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitendra","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4929-1163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveen","family":"Sankhyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3238-3670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pratibha","family":"Singhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23088"},{"key":"bibr2-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.32.10.1195"},{"key":"bibr3-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199408000-00006"},{"key":"bibr4-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.2.243"},{"key":"bibr5-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27291"},{"key":"bibr6-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27290"},{"key":"bibr7-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24981"},{"key":"bibr8-08830738221081593","author":"Narayan GJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Prac"},{"key":"bibr9-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12339"},{"key":"bibr10-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12108"},{"key":"bibr11-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2016.07.005"},{"key":"bibr12-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14425"},{"key":"bibr13-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2011.12.007"},{"key":"bibr14-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21471"},{"key":"bibr15-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2017.07.007"},{"key":"bibr16-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27357"},{"key":"bibr17-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.72184"},{"key":"bibr18-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2005000100005"},{"key":"bibr19-08830738221081593","first-page":"756","volume":"93","author":"Touati N","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tunis Med"},{"key":"bibr20-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20510"},{"key":"bibr21-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2021.02.002"},{"key":"bibr22-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2011.04.005"},{"issue":"10","key":"bibr23-08830738221081593","volume":"4","author":"Termsarasab P","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Mov Disord"},{"key":"bibr24-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09344-7"},{"key":"bibr25-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21759"},{"key":"bibr26-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000556"},{"key":"bibr27-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-316309"},{"key":"bibr28-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270113"},{"key":"bibr29-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(01)00287-9"},{"key":"bibr30-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073810392582"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr31-08830738221081593","first-page":"CD012430","volume":"5","author":"Harvey AR","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr32-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14874"},{"key":"bibr33-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22926"},{"key":"bibr34-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2017.08.008"},{"key":"bibr35-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2012000600013"},{"key":"bibr36-08830738221081593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14063"}],"container-title":["Journal of Child Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08830738221081593","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08830738221081593","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08830738221081593","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T20:40:28Z","timestamp":1777495228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08830738221081593"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08830738221081593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08830738221081593","relation":{},"ISSN":["0883-0738","1708-8283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0883-0738","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]}}}