{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T09:52:03Z","timestamp":1777801923526,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,11,1]],"date-time":"1996-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":846806400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Child Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Movement disorders are a well-recognized feature of some patients with cerebral palsy and often require treatment. However, treatments have been symptomatic and empiric, and there have been few pharmacologic studies. The major movement disorders in cerebral palsy are dystonia and the hyperkinesias choreoathetosis and myoclonus. They may occur in combination, often accompanied by spasticity and sometimes by epilepsy. Some drugs are useful treatments for all of these problems, but others may improve one while worsening another. Pitfalls in management include not diagnosing metabolic\/degenerative disorders, which may mimic cerebral palsy, or not recognizing reversible complications of cerebral palsy, which may exacerbate symptoms. This review attempts to summarize empiric drug use and recommendations for therapy, drug studies in extrapyramidal cerebral palsy, and prospects for new drugs or models for the problem. Many new pharmacologic agents are available for study in cerebral palsy. Better methods of detecting basal ganglia injury after perinatal injury in asymptomatic infants may allow early intervention in the biologic process of recovery and adaptation. (J Child Neurol 1996;11(Suppl 1): S 13-S22).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073896011001s03","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,5]],"date-time":"2017-01-05T22:54:34Z","timestamp":1483656874000},"page":"S13-S22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Oral Pharmacotherapy for the Movement Disorders of Cerebral Palsy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Pranzatelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pharmacology, Neurology, and Pediatrics,\rThe George Washington University, and The National Pediatric Myoclonus Center,\rWashington, DC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"41","volume":"48","year":"1972","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"The Natural History of CerebrcaL Palsy","year":"1959"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(93)90020-D"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12079.x"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3101(24)00121-X","volume":"42","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv Pediatr"},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"Thompson GH, Rubin IL, Bilenker RM: Comprehensive Management of Cerebral Palsy. New York, Grune & Stratton, 1983 , p106."},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1975.tb03821.x"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"32","volume":"108","year":"1959","journal-title":"Guy Hosp Rep"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"250","volume":"10","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int Pediatr"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389601100503"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)31091-0"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.3.391"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948809700206"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1990.tb08121.x","volume":"32","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14818.x","volume":"33","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199208000-00002"},{"key":"atypb17","first-page":"661","volume":"43","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"33","volume":"22","year":"1993","journal-title":"PediatrAnn"},{"key":"atypb19","first-page":"329","volume":"67","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199508000-00001"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-198812000-00006"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(94)90011-6"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1994.00540180083018"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.46.4.289"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0090-4481-19930101-08"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(67)90005-6"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-197408010-00001"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196103092641002"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410170202"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(93)90154-Q"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199306000-00009"},{"issue":"9","key":"atypb32","first-page":"512","volume":"44","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt196456part2947"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1966.tb01824.x","volume":"8","year":"1966","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"atypb35","first-page":"420","volume":"5","year":"1979","journal-title":"Childs Brain"},{"key":"atypb36","first-page":"306","volume":"62","year":"1966","journal-title":"J S C Med Assoc"},{"key":"atypb37","first-page":"6","volume":"1","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ann Phys Med"},{"key":"atypb38","first-page":"519","volume":"49","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanjilal GC : Some observations on clinical trials with diazepam in cerebral palsy. Ann Phys Med1964 ;Suppl:30-32.","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/VII.suppl_1.30"},{"key":"atypb40","volume-title":"Symposium on diazepam"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1965.03080100015003"},{"key":"atypb42","first-page":"398","volume":"5","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"atypb43","first-page":"199","volume":"73","year":"1976","journal-title":"Folia Med (PLovdiv)"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(74)90163-4"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.2.160"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.10.1255"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-197713010-00002"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1980.tb03742.x","volume":"22","year":"1980","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1976.tb04234.x","volume":"18","year":"1976","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1975.tb04697.x","volume":"17","year":"1975","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"atypb51","first-page":"384","volume":"55","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"atypb52","first-page":"365","volume":"54","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1974.tb02733.x","volume":"16","year":"1974","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"atypb54","first-page":"889","volume":"53","year":"1978","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.25.2.135"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02043952"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.22.1.1"},{"key":"atypb58","first-page":"25","volume":"15","year":"1973","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.21.4.605","volume":"21","year":"1958","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(58)80240-1"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1091806"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM194203122261101"},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4545.289"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM194911032411804"},{"key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1950.02910240021005"},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(94)90109-0"},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199506000-00001"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(50)80272-X"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.5.2.139"},{"key":"atypb70","volume-title":"The Pathology of Cerebral Palsy","year":"1960"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11955.x"},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1982.tb09472.x","volume":"71","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"atypb73","first-page":"83","volume":"131","year":"1979","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"atypb74","first-page":"859","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"atypb75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90074-X"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90110-V"},{"key":"atypb77","unstructured":"Denny-Brown D. : Diseases of the Basal Ganglia and Subthalamic Nuclei. New York, Oxford University Press, 1946, pp 302."},{"key":"atypb78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389400900306"},{"key":"atypb79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389400900403"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb80","first-page":"S162","volume":"18","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"atypb81","first-page":"S7","volume":"44","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"atypb82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199501001-00003"},{"key":"atypb83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410090206"},{"key":"atypb84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130507"},{"key":"atypb85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270113"},{"key":"atypb86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199403033300907"},{"issue":"8","key":"atypb87","first-page":"S14","volume":"44","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb88","first-page":"S6","volume":"18","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb89","first-page":"S130","volume":"18","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"atypb90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(92)90086-9"},{"key":"atypb91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fagg GE, Olpe HR, Schmutz M., et al: CGP 37849 and CGP 39551. Novel competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists with potent anticonvulsant activity, in Meldrum B (ed): Current and Future Trends in Anticonvulsant Therapy. New York, Wiley-Liss, 1990, pp 421-427.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1990.tb13008.x"},{"key":"atypb92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03545.x"},{"key":"atypb93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.17.6547"},{"key":"atypb94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(93)90241-I"},{"key":"atypb95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1986.tb03573.x"},{"key":"atypb96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.17.030194.003033"},{"key":"atypb97","unstructured":"Trimble MR, Robertson MM: Clobazam, in Meldrum BS, Porter RJ (eds): New AnticonvuLsant Drugs . London, John Libbey, 1986, pp 65-85."},{"key":"atypb98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.33.040193.000545"},{"key":"atypb99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30131-2"},{"key":"atypb100","unstructured":"Metcalf BW, Sjoerdsma A.: Suicide inhibition of GABA transaminase, in Singer T, Ondarza PN (eds): Molecular Basis of Drug Action. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1981, pp 119-131."},{"key":"atypb101","first-page":"968","volume":"13","year":"1987","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci"},{"key":"atypb102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90249-S"}],"container-title":["Journal of Child Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0883073896011001S03","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0883073896011001S03","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T20:31:30Z","timestamp":1777494690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0883073896011001S03"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,11]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1_suppl","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0883073896011001S03"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073896011001s03","relation":{},"ISSN":["0883-0738","1708-8283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0883-0738","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,11]]}}}