{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T09:58:52Z","timestamp":1777802332212,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":280,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,1]],"date-time":"1997-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":878342400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Child Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Excitotoxicity has been implicated as a mechanism of neuronal death in acute and chronic neurologic diseases. Cerebral ischemia, head and spinal cord injury, and prolonged seizure activity are associated with excessive release of glutamate into the extracellular space and subsequent neurotoxicity. Accumulating evidence suggests that impairment of intracellular energy metabolism increases neuronal vulnerability to glutamate which, even when present at physiologic concentrations, can damage neurons. This mechanism of slow excitotoxicity may be involved in neuronal death in chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as the mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar degeneration syndromes, and motor neuron diseases. If so, glutamate antagonists in combination with agents that selectively inhibit the multiple steps downstream of the excitotoxic cascade or help improve intracellular energy metabolism may slow the neurodegenerative process and offer a therapeutic approach to treat these disorders. (J Child Neurol 1997;12:471-485).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389701200802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T02:13:25Z","timestamp":1230084805000},"page":"471-485","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Topical Review: Glutamate in Neurologic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Petra","family":"Bittigau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chrysanthy","family":"Ikonomidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490360609"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.165.4.1218"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7901908"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-199512000-00017"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb5","first-page":"S14","volume":"44","author":"Meldrum BS","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(92)90035-J"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0291620"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0440159"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"46","volume":"3","author":"Hayashi T.","year":"1952","journal-title":"Jpn J Pharmacol"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/1821076a0"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/183611a0"},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"Watkins JC: Thirty years of excitatory amino acid research, in Cav alheiro EA, Lehmann J , Turski L (eds): Frontiers in Excitatory Amino Acid Research. Alan R Liss, New York, 1988, pp 3-10."},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.17.030194.000335"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1994.74.3.723"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(91)90176-Z"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(94)90210-0"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1329206"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(94)00129-G"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1656524"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/349760a0"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(92)90118-W"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01372.1993"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903470112"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.15.7114"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)09330-7","volume":"50","author":"Zhong J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(90)90011-C"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.10.4157"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-03-01010.1992"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb07465.x"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90568-J"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1994.62052057.x"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90428-6"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-0102(92)90017-7"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903220110"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/361031a0"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014478"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-01-00021.1992"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/319774a0"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/373151a0"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(93)90381-O"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(91)90529-Y"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1992.tb00900.x"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(91)90920-L"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199302000-00014"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90135-Q"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(93)90123-K"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(92)90231-2"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(94)90101-5"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.12.4342"},{"key":"atypb50","first-page":"639","volume":"14","author":"Scherer WS","year":"1988","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(88)90036-3"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8096653"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1352066"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.22.10593"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(94)90350-6"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90108-2"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(93)90066-Z"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-09-03904.1993"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(87)90237-5"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y89-142"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.71.1.204"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(88)90134-1"},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.14.6533"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1957.00940010205006"},{"key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.164.3880.719"},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-197101000-00008"},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-197207000-00006"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/227609b0"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-198200000-00020"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90058-C"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/neur.1995.0008"},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-06-01483.1985"},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-02-00357.1987"},{"key":"atypb74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-02-00369.1987"},{"key":"atypb75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(93)90180-Y"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02031.x"},{"key":"atypb77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.7.2590","volume":"89","author":"Frandsen A.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"atypb78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.16.7233"},{"key":"atypb79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1994.67"},{"key":"atypb80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08292.x"},{"key":"atypb81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-06-01829.1991"},{"key":"atypb82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(93)90022-U"},{"key":"atypb83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03584.x"},{"key":"atypb84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.5.1983"},{"key":"atypb85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.14.6368"},{"key":"atypb86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(92)90432-V"},{"key":"atypb87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(92)90431-U"},{"key":"atypb88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(91)90224-7"},{"key":"atypb89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)64313-7"},{"key":"atypb90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm3.1994.375.2.81"},{"key":"atypb91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.64020936.x"},{"key":"atypb92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-199512000-00016"},{"key":"atypb93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.6.12.1381691"},{"key":"atypb94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.5.1267"},{"key":"atypb95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.9.3680"},{"key":"atypb96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8080500"},{"key":"atypb97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)81808-7"},{"key":"atypb98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90765-2"},{"key":"atypb99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)24721-8","volume":"257","author":"Zeevalk GD","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"atypb100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890090207"},{"key":"atypb101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08258.x"},{"key":"atypb102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(91)90029-C"},{"key":"atypb103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(93)90114-Q"},{"key":"atypb104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-10-04181.1993"},{"key":"atypb105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1994.63051772.x"},{"key":"atypb106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03633.x"},{"key":"atypb107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03634.x"},{"key":"atypb108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91412-5"},{"key":"atypb109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1994.134"},{"key":"atypb110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevNeurobiol.v10.i2.50"},{"key":"atypb111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410310202"},{"key":"atypb112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(92)90035-J"},{"key":"atypb113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00964635"},{"key":"atypb114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1984.tb05396.x"},{"key":"atypb115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/360471a0"},{"key":"atypb116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(90)90184-A"},{"key":"atypb117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-01-00056.1992"},{"key":"atypb118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/360467a0"},{"key":"atypb119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.22.10955"},{"key":"atypb120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.04-07-01884.1984"},{"key":"atypb121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(89)90042-1"},{"key":"atypb122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90347-6"},{"key":"atypb123","first-page":"588","volume":"6","author":"Lipton SA","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"atypb124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1988.tb01111.x"},{"key":"atypb125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199404000-00023"},{"key":"atypb126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1994.62031074.x"},{"key":"atypb127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00803.x"},{"key":"atypb128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2567056"},{"key":"atypb129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)90984-4"},{"key":"atypb130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb07437.x"},{"key":"atypb131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.1.0072"},{"key":"atypb132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9572(81)90021-6"},{"key":"atypb133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.79.3.0369"},{"key":"atypb134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63262-8"},{"key":"atypb135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/363260a0"},{"key":"atypb136","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Buchan A.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev"},{"key":"atypb137","first-page":"27","volume":"2","author":"Meldrum BS","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev"},{"key":"atypb138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6093256"},{"key":"atypb139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1990.42"},{"key":"atypb140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1992.tb08052.x"},{"key":"atypb141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90314-J"},{"key":"atypb142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90924-X"},{"key":"atypb143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2154034"},{"key":"atypb144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.23.6.861"},{"key":"atypb145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(93)90136-M"},{"key":"atypb146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.1993.11740159"},{"key":"atypb147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90314-J"},{"key":"atypb148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-977X(92)90074-I","volume":"2","author":"Kaiser F.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"atypb149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90516-C"},{"key":"atypb150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1992.2"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb151","first-page":"5635","volume":"13","author":"Yatsugi S.","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"atypb152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(93)90470-3"},{"key":"atypb153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(91)90862-K"},{"key":"atypb154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(94)90337-9"},{"key":"atypb155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7522345"},{"key":"atypb156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199609000-00023"},{"key":"atypb157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-06-03934.1994"},{"key":"atypb158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(89)90041-9"},{"key":"atypb159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.23.6.894"},{"key":"atypb160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.5.724"},{"key":"atypb161","first-page":"252","volume":"265","author":"He YY","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"atypb162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199310000-00030"},{"key":"atypb163","first-page":"552","volume":"99","author":"Kato C.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"atypb164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410230618"},{"key":"atypb165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2567056"},{"key":"atypb166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(92)90013-V"},{"key":"atypb167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1992.9.75"},{"key":"atypb168","unstructured":"McIntosh T., Soares H., Hayes R., Simon R.: The NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 prevents edema and restores magnesium homeostasis after traumatic brain injury in rats, in Cavalheiro EA, Lehmann J, Turski L (eds): Frontiers in Excitatory Amino Acid Research. New York, Alan R Liss, 1988, pp 653-656."},{"key":"atypb169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.8.1637"},{"key":"atypb170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-12-05383.1993"},{"key":"atypb171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90267-Q"},{"key":"atypb172","first-page":"104","volume":"145","author":"Danilevich EJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vestn Khir"},{"key":"atypb173","first-page":"24","volume":"5","author":"Belyakov VA","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anesth Reanimatol"},{"key":"atypb174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.11.5235"},{"key":"atypb175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)91384-Q"},{"key":"atypb176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1996.0012"},{"key":"atypb177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.8.3428"},{"key":"atypb178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(87)90295-0"},{"key":"atypb179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-05-01693.1989"},{"key":"atypb180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-08-02809.1989"},{"key":"atypb181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199606000-00015"},{"key":"atypb182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90306-X"},{"key":"atypb183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90385-9"},{"key":"atypb184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-05-01701.1989"},{"key":"atypb185","first-page":"299","volume":"62","author":"Hagberg H.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"atypb186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.5.713"},{"key":"atypb187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(84)90085-3"},{"key":"atypb188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1835799"},{"key":"atypb189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.430320304"},{"key":"atypb190","first-page":"1148","volume":"18","author":"Farber NB","year":"1992","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci Abstr"},{"key":"atypb191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05879.x"},{"key":"atypb192","first-page":"S14","volume":"44","author":"Meldrum BS","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"atypb193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(90)90125-C"},{"key":"atypb194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290513"},{"key":"atypb195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(89)90472-2"},{"key":"atypb196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410260303"},{"key":"atypb197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90754-5"},{"key":"atypb198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.94.3.318","volume":"94","author":"Baumeister FA","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"atypb199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1988.tb03723.x"},{"key":"atypb200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02339205"},{"key":"atypb201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(92)90019-P"},{"key":"atypb202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03283.x"},{"key":"atypb203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7079744"},{"key":"atypb204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(83)90172-6"},{"key":"atypb205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(89)90060-5"},{"key":"atypb206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1991.tb04695.x"},{"key":"atypb207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(92)90040-Z"},{"key":"atypb208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.10.1907"},{"key":"atypb209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)09605-3","volume":"273","author":"Subramanian S.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"atypb210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(94)90016-7"},{"key":"atypb211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(91)90342-N"},{"key":"atypb212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90444-G"},{"key":"atypb213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(93)90054-B"},{"key":"atypb214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffiths T. , Evans MC, Meldrum BS: Temporal lobe epilepsy, excitotoxins and the mechanism of selective neuronal loss, in Fuxe K, Roberts R, Schwarcz R (eds): Excitotoxins. New York , MacMillan, 1987, pp 331-345.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0384-9_25"},{"key":"atypb215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)91247-3"},{"key":"atypb216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1973.00490260026003"},{"key":"atypb217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410180303"},{"key":"atypb218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(83)90038-2"},{"key":"atypb219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90872-2"},{"key":"atypb220","first-page":"857","volume":"44","author":"Olney JW","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"atypb221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(89)90130-1"},{"key":"atypb222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(87)90227-6"},{"key":"atypb223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00169017"},{"key":"atypb224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(85)90030-5"},{"key":"atypb225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05332.x"},{"key":"atypb226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(93)90034-5"},{"key":"atypb227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073894009001031"},{"key":"atypb228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(88)90033-8"},{"key":"atypb229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90289-6"},{"key":"atypb230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(81)90041-9"},{"key":"atypb231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)90082-2"},{"key":"atypb232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(90)90093-E"},{"key":"atypb233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(92)90078-8"},{"key":"atypb234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-197503000-00005"},{"key":"atypb235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.156.3782.1599"},{"key":"atypb236","unstructured":"Watkins JC: Excitatory amino acids, in McGeer E, Olney JW, McGeer P (eds): Kainic Acid as a Tool in Neurobiology. New York, Raven Press, 1978, pp 37-69."},{"key":"atypb237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)82559-4"},{"key":"atypb238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.2.421"},{"key":"atypb239","first-page":"245","volume":"136","author":"Kalmanchey R.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Orv Hetil"},{"key":"atypb240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(91)90110-7"},{"key":"atypb241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1987.tb11326.x"},{"key":"atypb242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90580-W"},{"key":"atypb243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)09065-0","volume":"41","author":"Henzi V.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"atypb244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90358-7"},{"key":"atypb245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(85)90316-8"},{"key":"atypb246","first-page":"81","volume":"23","author":"Ishikawa Y.","year":"1991","journal-title":"No To Hattatsu"},{"key":"atypb247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6849138"},{"key":"atypb248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.06-08-02226.1986"},{"key":"atypb249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410230303"},{"key":"atypb250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410280605"},{"key":"atypb251","first-page":"543","volume":"144","author":"Blass JP","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"atypb252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198807000-00019"},{"key":"atypb253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410220504"},{"key":"atypb254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.3.729"},{"key":"atypb255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb05859.x"},{"key":"atypb256","first-page":"33","volume":"1","author":"Corsini GU","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurosci"},{"key":"atypb257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03634.x"},{"key":"atypb258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00167234"},{"key":"atypb259","first-page":"27","volume":"38","author":"Lange KW","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Suppl"},{"key":"atypb260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01245711"},{"key":"atypb261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)91628-R"},{"key":"atypb262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(93)90114-Q"},{"key":"atypb263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1992.tb10080.x"},{"key":"atypb264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/349414a0"},{"key":"atypb265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09429.x"},{"key":"atypb266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turski L., Ikonomidou C.: Glutamate, energy metabolism and neuropathology: Relevance to neurodegenerative disorders, in Martignoni E, Nappi G (eds): Parkinson's Disease and Extra-pyramidal Disorders. London, Smith-Gordon, 1994, pp 15-22.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-9203-3_12"},{"key":"atypb267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb24562.x"},{"key":"atypb268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360613"},{"key":"atypb269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00527-7"},{"key":"atypb270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1993.1272"},{"key":"atypb271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.64052239.x"},{"key":"atypb272","unstructured":"Way LW, Trevor AJ: Pharmacology of intravenous nonnarcotic anesthetic, in Miller RD (ed): Anesthesia. Churchill Livingstone , 1986, pp 799-800."},{"key":"atypb273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1835799"},{"key":"atypb274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.430320304"},{"key":"atypb275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.4.2025"},{"key":"atypb276","first-page":"767","volume":"15","author":"Ikonomidou C.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci Abstr"},{"key":"atypb277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(84)90314-6"},{"key":"atypb278","unstructured":"Takemoto T.: Isolation and structural identification of naturally occurring excitatory amino acids, in McGeer E, Olney JW, McGeer P (eds): Kainic Acid as a Tool in Neurobiology. New York, Raven Press, 1978, pp 1-17."},{"key":"atypb279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199006213222504"},{"key":"atypb280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199006213222505"}],"container-title":["Journal of Child Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/088307389701200802","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/088307389701200802","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T20:32:30Z","timestamp":1777494750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/088307389701200802"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,11]]},"references-count":280,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/088307389701200802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/088307389701200802","relation":{},"ISSN":["0883-0738","1708-8283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0883-0738","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,11]]}}}