{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:17:13Z","timestamp":1792192633413,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,10,1]],"date-time":"1998-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":907200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Child Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>First developed in 1950, parenterally administered phenytoin offered substantial advantages over parenterally administered phenobarbital and paraldehyde, which were the treatments for status epilepticus until the 1960s. During the 1950s, clinical research established the pediatric dosage of parenteral phenytoin for the treatment of seizures, which was based on the adult dosage adjusted to each child's weight. Studies in the late 1970s and early 1980s established more appropriate dosing for neonates and children on a milligram-per-kilogram basis. Scientifically derived dosing guidelines have been available only for the past 12 years. Side effects associated with parenteral phenytoin, caused primarily by its high pH level and the propylene glycol content needed to increase its solubility, were frequently reported during the 1970s and 1980s, after 25 years of clinical use. Intravenous administration of phenytoin caused burning at the infusion site and was associated with severe local cutaneous reactions following infiltration into surrounding tissue, leading to a recommendation that intravenous phenytoin be avoided in young children and the elderly. The propylene glycol solvent was linked to seizures, arrhythmia, asystole, and hepatic and renal damage. When administered intramuscularly, phenytoin is poorly absorbed and can cause hemorrhagic necrosis of the soft tissues at the injection site. Many of these side effects can be avoided in children with the use of fosphenytoin. (J Child Neurol 1998; 13(Suppl 1):S11-S14).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073898013001041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,15]],"date-time":"2009-09-15T15:05:50Z","timestamp":1253027150000},"page":"S11-S14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Pediatric Use of Intravenous and Intramuscular Phenytoin: Lessons Learned"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"James W.","family":"Wheless","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University\rof Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas Comprehensive Epilepsy Program,\rHouston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1959.tb04260.x"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.18.6.513"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1956.02960400043010"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1960.03840120030004"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pippenger CE, Bastiani RJ, Schneider RS: Evaluation of an experimental homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for the quantitation of phenytoin and phenobarbitone in serum or plasma, in Schneider H, Janz D, Gardner-Thorpe C, et al (eds): Clinical Pharmacology of Antiepileptic Drugs. New York , Springer-Verlag, 1975, pp 331-336.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-85921-2_35"},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"Physicians' Desk Reference, 16th ed. Oradell, NJ, Medical Economics Co, 1962, p 748."},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"Physicians' Desk Reference, 40th ed. Oradell, NJ, Medical Economics Co, 1986, p 1337."},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.52.4.302"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80034-1"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1958.02340020016003"},{"key":"atypb11","first-page":"1147","volume":"2","year":"1958","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"31","volume":"4","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pediatr PharmacoL"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410010602"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100044917"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(89)80208-2"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(90)90317-S"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.16.3.288"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1975184449"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1974.00490400090012"},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"965","volume":"34","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.6.0967"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(88)90276-6","volume":"13","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106002808802200925"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-199508000-00017"},{"key":"atypb25","first-page":"717","volume":"5","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"717","volume":"5","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"atypb27","first-page":"618","volume":"4","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"23","volume":"11","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Intravenous Ther Clin Nutr"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198411013111817"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01376517-199212000-00011"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008506-199401000-00008"},{"issue":"8","key":"atypb32","first-page":"90","volume":"38","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)81183-4"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00717993"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.79.4.622","volume":"79","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1996.tb03655.x","volume":"16","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"atypb37","unstructured":"Joint Food and Agriculture Organization\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives: Toxicological Evaluation of Some Food Additives. Technical Report Series No. 539. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1974, pp 270-277."},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03330300046032"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1988.00380060093019"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1994.tb02788.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Child Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0883073898013001041","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0883073898013001041","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T20:32:45Z","timestamp":1777494765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0883073898013001041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1_suppl","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0883073898013001041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073898013001041","relation":{},"ISSN":["0883-0738","1708-8283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0883-0738","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]}}}