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Guideline\u2010based therapies approved for heart failure, such as loop diuretics, angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, aldosterone antagonists, and \u03b2\u2010adrenergic blockers, can lead to electrolyte abnormalities and predispose to some vitamin and micronutrient deficits. Clinical trial evidence in support of supplementary vitamin and mineral therapies for heart failure patients is limited with the exception of documented calcium and possibly vitamin D, thiamine, and coenzyme Q\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    deficiencies. This area is gaining significant attention, and research is ongoing. 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