{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:25:03Z","timestamp":1793384703894,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,18]],"date-time":"2014-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1418860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,18]],"date-time":"2014-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1418860800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nut in Clin Prac"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Selenium is a component of selenoproteins with antioxidant, anti\u2010inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), multiorgan dysfunction (MOD), and multiorgan failure (MOF) are associated with an early reduction in plasma selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), and both parameters correlate inversely with the severity of illness and outcomes. Several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluated selenium therapy as monotherapy or in antioxidant cocktails in intensive care unit (ICU) patient populations, and more recently several meta\u2010analyses suggested benefits with selenium therapy in the most seriously ill patients. However, the largest RCT on pharmaconutrition with glutamine and antioxidants, the REducing Deaths due to Oxidative Stress (REDOXS) Study, was unable to find any improvement in clinical outcomes with antioxidants provided by the enteral and parenteral route and suggested harm in patients with renal dysfunction. Subsequently, the MetaPlus study demonstrated increased mortality in medical patients when provided extra glutamine and selenium enterally. The treatment effect of selenium may be dependent on the dose, the route of administration, and whether administered with other nutrients and the patient population studied. Currently, there are few small studies evaluating the pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous (IV) selenium in SIRS, and therefore more data are necessary, particularly in patients with MOD, including those with renal dysfunction. According to current knowledge, high\u2010dose pentahydrate sodium selenite could be given as an IV bolus injection (1000\u20132000 \u00b5g), which causes transient pro\u2010oxidant, cytotoxic, and anti\u2010inflammatory effects, and then followed by a continuous infusion of 1000\u20131600 \u00b5g\/d for up to 10\u201314 days. Nonetheless, the optimum dose and efficacy still remain controversial and need to be definitively established.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533614561794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T05:32:41Z","timestamp":1418967161000},"page":"34-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Pharmaconutrition With Selenium in Critically Ill Patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"William","family":"Manzanares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal L.","family":"Langlois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daren K.","family":"Heyland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61452-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533611434116"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3275"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2009.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C3MT00185G"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs60272a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2006505"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","volume-title":"2012 Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine","author":"Manzanares W","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Pharmaconutrition with antioxidants in the critically ill: is selenium the cornerstone of this strategy?","volume":"4","author":"Manzanares W","year":"2012","journal-title":"ICU Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32836599e5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1212722"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199809000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-008-1356-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem091"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000239763"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32832a0cc2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e3282f49afe"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-77290-3_43"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2012.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccx.0000216581.80051.d6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jfca.1995.1025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533612446706"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533613506596"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2009.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","volume-title":"Selenium, Environmental Health Criteria 58","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"Further observations on the human maximum safe dietary selenium intake in a seleniferous area of China","volume":"8","author":"Yang G","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607108328470"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","unstructured":"Scientific Committee on Food on the TUIL of Selenium.Tolerable upper intake levels of selenium.http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/fs\/sc\/scf\/out80g_en.pdf. 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