{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:32:39Z","timestamp":1790292759635,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Intensive Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute respiratory failure is a common complication of drug abuse. It is more likely to develop in the setting of chronic lung disease or debility in those with limited respiratory reserve. Drugs may acutely precipitate respiratory failure by compromising respiratory pump function and\/or by causing pulmonary pathology. Polysubstance overdoses are common, and clinicians should anticipate complications related to multiple drugs. Impairment of respiratory pump function may develop from central nervous system (CNS) depression (suppression of the medulla oblongata, stroke or seizures) or respiratory muscle fatigue (increased respiratory workload, metabolic acidosis). Drug-related respiratory pathology may result from parenchymal (aspiration-related events, pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, pneumothorax, infectious and non-infectious pneumonitides), airway (bronchospasm and hemorrhage), or pulmonary vascular insults (endovascular infections, hemorrhage, and vasoconstrictive events). Alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, opiates, and benzodiazepines are the most commonly abused drugs that may induce events leading to acute respiratory failure. While decontamination and aggressive supportive measures are indicated, specific therapies to correct seizures, metabolic acidosis, pneumothorax, infections, bronchospasm, and agitation should be considered. Drug-related respiratory failure when due to CNS depression alone may portend well, but in patients with drug-related significant pulmonary pathology, a protracted course of illness may be anticipated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066604263918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,14]],"date-time":"2004-07-14T21:32:39Z","timestamp":1089840759000},"page":"183-193","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Acute Respiratory Failure from Abused Substances"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Kevin C.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jussi J.","family":"Saukkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","series-title":"Office of Applied Studies, NHSDA Series H-17","volume-title":"Results From the 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Volume I. Summary of National Findings","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb2","series-title":"DAWN series D-22","volume-title":"Hospital Visits and Deaths","author":"Drug Abuse Warning Network Report","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Respiratory Diseases","author":"Crofton J","year":"1981","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Respiratory Failure","author":"Adrogue HJ","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.1.280"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(99)00009-8"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.16.1925"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-11-821"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199009133231102"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520450059019"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)82612-5"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30139-7"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"625","volume":"153","author":"Derlet RW","year":"1990","journal-title":"Western J Med"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-200012000-00017"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"UpToDate Online 10.1","author":"Weinhouse GL","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1016-5_32"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.4.1486"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198404053101402"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1991.261.2.C195"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"UpToDate 9.2","author":"Burns MJ","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"1129","volume":"114","author":"Bynum LJ","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198407000-00007"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/16.Supplement_4.S248"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.Supplement_9.S737"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-81-3-329"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-98-4-466"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390230077010"},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"209","volume":"93","author":"Eykyn SJ.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1981.00340120032009"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(98)00262-9"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.94.2.251"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421801"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000057909.18362.F6"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-77-6-977"},{"key":"atypb35","first-page":"2127","volume-title":"Textbook of Respiratory Medicine","author":"Rosenow EC.","year":"1994","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6662.1511"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(87)90096-1"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.5.1324"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00063198-200103000-00001"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.104548"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1997.tb03761.x"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-67-1-1"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.78.4.613"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.98.5.1302"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.4.1140"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719601500604"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-0971(83)90072-4"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70523-3"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.14a05.x"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(96)70285-3"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.80.2.167"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(98)70162-9"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.2.9905002"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.1976.11707044"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2108138"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03259846"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-120006745"},{"key":"atypb58","first-page":"362","volume-title":"Goodman and Gilman\u2019s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics","author":"Jaffe J","year":"1990","edition":"8"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-7-199904060-00019"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106002808101501205"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(98)00019-5"},{"key":"atypb62","first-page":"591","volume":"112","author":"Jay SJ","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199717030-00004"},{"key":"atypb64","first-page":"1782","volume-title":"Intensive Care Medicine","author":"Graudins A","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb65","first-page":"71","volume":"108","author":"Wyse DG.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90189-0"},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8627(20)30260-1"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(95)70101-X"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659409000428"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(89)80401-2"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1997.tb03761.x"},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.2.462"},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(94)90279-8"},{"key":"atypb74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.5.1326"},{"key":"atypb75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.1.30"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.110.4.904"},{"key":"atypb77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.1997.tb04443.x"},{"key":"atypb78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v11n04_05"},{"key":"atypb79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199501000-00016"},{"key":"atypb80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199205000-00014"},{"key":"atypb81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(72)80054-6"},{"key":"atypb82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/136.5.1250"},{"key":"atypb83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199705000-00012"},{"key":"atypb84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989310900525"},{"key":"atypb85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.178.2.101"},{"key":"atypb86","first-page":"619","volume":"84","author":"Birrer RB.","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Y State J Med"},{"key":"atypb87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10428190109097776"},{"key":"atypb88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.73.6.871"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intensive Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0885066604263918","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0885066604263918","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:56:03Z","timestamp":1777503363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0885066604263918"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0885066604263918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0885066604263918","relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-0666","1525-1489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-0666","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]}}}