{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:12:32Z","timestamp":1777853552927,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,10]],"date-time":"2010-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1278720000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Intensive Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The objective of this study is to develop a physicochemical model of the projected change in standard base excess (SBE) consequent to the infused volume of crystalloid solutions in common use. A clinical simulation of modeled acid-base and fluid compartment parameters was conducted in a 70-kg test participant at standard physiologic state: pH = 7.40, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) = 40 mm Hg, Henderson\u2014Hasselbalch actual bicarbonate ([HCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ]\n                    <jats:sub>HH<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) = 24.5 mEq\/L, strong ion difference (SID) = 38.9 mEq\/L, albumin = 4.40 g\/dL, inorganic phosphate = 1.16 mmol\/L, citrate total = 0.135 mmol\/L, and SBE = 0.1 mEq\/L. Simulations of multiple, sequential crystalloid infusions up to 10 L were conducted of normal saline (SID = 0), lactated Ringer\u2019s (SID = 28), plasmalyte 148 (SID = 50), one-half normal saline + 75 mEq\/L sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ; SID = 75), 0.15 mol\/L NaHCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    (SID = 150), and a hypothetical crystalloid solution whose SID = 24.5 mEq\/L, respectively. Simulations were based on theoretical completion of steady-state equilibrium and PCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    was fixed at 40 mm Hg to assess nonrespiratory acid-base effects. A crystalloid SID equivalent to standard state actual bicarbonate (24.5 mEq\/L) results in a neutral metabolic acid-base status for infusions up to 10 L. The 5 study solutions exhibited curvilinear relationships between SBE and crystalloid infusion volume in liters. Solutions whose SID was greater than 24.5 mEq\/L demonstrated a progressive metabolic alkalosis and less, a progressive metabolic acidosis. In a human model system, the effects of crystalloid infusion on SBE are a function of the crystalloid and plasma SID, volume infused, and nonvolatile plasma weak acid changes. A projection of the impact of a unit volume of various isotonic crystalloid solutions on SBE is presented. The model\u2019s validation, applications, and limitations are examined.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066610371633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,11]],"date-time":"2010-07-11T21:28:14Z","timestamp":1278883694000},"page":"271-280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["A Physicochemical Model of Crystalloid Infusion on Acid-Base Status"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Edward M.","family":"Omron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alta Bates Summit Medical Center, Oakland, CA, USA, Bay Area Pulmonary Medical Associates, 30th street, Oakland, CA, USA, Department of Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodney M.","family":"Omron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccx.0000144771.96342.2c"},{"issue":"3","key":"atypb2","first-page":"52","volume":"8","author":"Johan Groeneveld AB","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Shock"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000298158.12101.41"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000148691.33690.AC"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000053256.77500.9D"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1994.tb04450.x"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199905000-00007"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200110000-00004"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200107000-00033"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem219"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1042\/cs1040025","volume":"104","author":"Wilkes NJ","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb12","first-page":"284","volume":"5","author":"Morgan TJ","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Care Resusc"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y83-207"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.6.2260"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.1998.00438.x"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066605279955"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199807000-00015"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200201000-00022"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2176-x"},{"issue":"6","key":"atypb20","first-page":"453","volume":"117","author":"Figge J.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"atypb21","first-page":"713","volume":"120","author":"Figge J.","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"An Educational Web Site about Modern Human Acid-Base Physiology: The Figge-Fencl Quantitative Physicochemical Model of Human Acid-Base Physiology"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Review of Medical Physiology. 2","author":"Ganong WF","year":"2005","edition":"2"},{"issue":"3","key":"atypb24","first-page":"H1215","volume":"277","author":"Gyenge CC","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"atypb25","first-page":"H1228","volume":"277","author":"Gyenge CC","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01274.2005"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000048824.85279.41"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-2683-4"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200011000-00006"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb30","first-page":"271","volume":"98","author":"Constable PD","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"atypb31","unstructured":"Gamble JL Acid-Base Physiology: A Direct Approach. 1st ed. 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