{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:50:34Z","timestamp":1790632234873,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intensive Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Intraoperative neuromonitoring was introduced in the second half of the 20th century with the goal of preventing patient morbidity for patients undergoing complex operations of the central and peripheral nervous system. Since its early use for scoliosis surgery, the growth and utilization of IOM techniques expanded dramatically over the past 50 years to include spinal tumor resection and evaluation of cerebral ischemia. The importance of IOM has been broadly acknowledged, and in 1989, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) released a statement that the use of SSEPs should be standard-of-care during spine surgery. In 2012, both the AAN and the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society (ACNS) recommended that: \u201cIntraoperative monitoring (IOM) using SSEPs and transcranial MEPs be established as an effective means of predicting an increased risk of adverse outcomes, such as paraparesis, paraplegia, and quadriplegia, in spinal surgery.\u201d With a multimodal approach that combines SSEPs, MEPs, and sEMG with tEMG and D waves, as appropriate, sensitivity and specificity can be maximized for the diagnosis of reversible insults to the spinal cord, nerve roots, and peripheral nerves. As with most patient safety efforts in the operating room, IOM requires contributions from and communication between a number of different teams. This comprehensive review of neuromonitoring techniques for surgery on the central and peripheral nervous system will highlight the technical, surgical and anesthesia factors required to optimize outcomes. In addition, this review will discuss important trouble shooting measures to be considered when managing ION changes concerning for potential injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066620962453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T05:53:12Z","timestamp":1601272392000},"page":"1237-1249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Neurophysiologic Intraoperative Monitoring for Spine Surgery: A Practical Guide From Past to Present"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Lauren K.","family":"Buhl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres Brenes","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Pollard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey E.","family":"Arle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George P.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinchen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9228-6047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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