{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T23:00:53Z","timestamp":1786662053252,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637107200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intensive Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epidemiologic studies are needed for monitoring population-level trends in sepsis. This study examines sepsis-causing microorganisms from 2006 to 2014 in the United States using data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>7\u2005860\u2005686 adults hospitalized with sepsis were identified using a validated ICD-9 coding approach. Associated microorganisms were identified by ICD-9 code and classified by major groups (Gram-positive, Gram-negative, fungi, anaerobes) and specific species for analysis of their incidence and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rate of sepsis incidence has increased for all four major categories of pathogens, while the mortality rate decreased. In 2014, Gram-negative pathogens had a higher incidence than Gram-positives. Anaerobes increased the fastest with an average annual increase of 20.17% (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Fungi had the highest mortality (19.28%) and the slowest annual decrease of mortality (\u22122.31%, p\u2009=\u20090.006) in 2013, while anaerobic sepsis had the highest hazard of mortality (adjusted HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.53-1.66).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gram-negative pathogens have replaced Gram-positives as the leading cause of sepsis in the United States in 2014 during the study period (2006-2014). The incidence of anaerobic sepsis has an annual increase of 20%, while the mortality of fungal sepsis has not decreased at the same rate as other microorganisms. These findings should inform the diagnosis and management of septic patients, as well as the implementation of public health programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666211053778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T09:46:22Z","timestamp":1637142382000},"page":"936-945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Temporal Trends in the Microbiological Characteristics of Sepsis in the United States: A Population Based Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Po-Yang","family":"Tsou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Hung","family":"Yo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FarEastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yenh-Chen","family":"Hsein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University Yunlin Branch, Douliou, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Yungtum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Ting","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jui-Yuan","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke-Ying","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I-Jing","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1243-2463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Chang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA"},{"name":"National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University Hospital, Health Data Science Research Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08850666211053778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61815-7"},{"key":"bibr2-08850666211053778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.25436"},{"key":"bibr3-08850666211053778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31827c09f8"},{"key":"bibr4-08850666211053778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-0352"},{"key":"bibr5-08850666211053778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6705\/j.jacme.201912_9(4).0004"},{"key":"bibr6-08850666211053778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010307"},{"key":"bibr7-08850666211053778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287"},{"key":"bibr8-08850666211053778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022139"},{"key":"bibr9-08850666211053778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166637"},{"key":"bibr10-08850666211053778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.13836"},{"key":"bibr11-08850666211053778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2109.141333"},{"key":"bibr12-08850666211053778","unstructured":"HCUP Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). 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