{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:57:12Z","timestamp":1788472632142,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jeffrey and Judy Buzen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intensive Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preclinical studies suggest that ketamine stimulates breathing. We investigated whether adding a ketamine infusion at low and high doses to propofol sedation improves inspiratory flow and enhances sedation in spontaneously breathing critically ill patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective interventional study, twelve intubated, spontaneously breathing patients received ketamine infusions at 5\u2005mcg\/kg\/min, followed by 10\u2005mcg\/kg\/min for 1\u2005h each. Airway flow, pressure, and esophageal pressure were recorded during a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) at baseline, and during the SBT conducted at the end of each ketamine infusion regimen. SBT consisted of one-minute breathing with zero end-expiratory pressure and no pressure support. Changes in inspiratory flow at the pre-specified time points were assessed as the primary outcome. Ketamine-induced change in beta-gamma electroencephalogram power was the key secondary endpoint. We also analyzed changes in other ventilatory parameters respiratory timing, and resistive and elastic inspiratory work of breathing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ketamine infusion of 5 and 10\u2005mcg\/kg\/min increased inspiratory flow (median, IQR) from 0.36 (0.29-0.46) L\/s at baseline to 0.47 (0.32-0.57) L\/s and 0.44 (0.33-0.58) L\/s, respectively ( p\u2009=\u2009.013). Resistive work of breathing decreased from 0.4 (0.1-0.6) J\/l at baseline to 0.2 (0.1-0.3) J\/l after ketamine 10\u2005mcg\/kg\/min ( p\u2009=\u2009.042), while elastic work of breathing remained unchanged. Electroencephalogram beta-gamma power (19-44\u2005Hz) increased compared to baseline ( p\u2009&lt;\u2009.01).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In intubated, spontaneously breathing patients receiving a constant rate of propofol, ketamine increased inspiratory flow, reduced inspiratory work of breathing, and was associated with an \u201cactivated\u201d electroencephalographic pattern. These characteristics might facilitate weaning from mechanical ventilation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666221119716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T03:09:54Z","timestamp":1659928194000},"page":"299-306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Effects of Ketamine Infusion on Breathing and Encephalography in Spontaneously Breathing ICU Patients"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Aiman","family":"Suleiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Santer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronny","family":"Munoz-Acuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian S.","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Duesseldorf University Hospital, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca J.","family":"Wachtendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Rumyantsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Berra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubham","family":"Chamadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwaseun","family":"Johnson-Akeju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts 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