{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T01:54:55Z","timestamp":1785376495354,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intensive Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotic stewardship is a multidisciplinary, evidence-based approach to optimize antibiotic use and mitigate development of antibiotic resistance. Neonates have high rates of antibiotic exposure, particularly those born preterm and admitted to the NICU, and mounting evidence describes the adverse consequences of such exposures in the absence of infection. Here, we review the general principles of antibiotic stewardship and how they can be applied in NICUs. The unique characteristics of NICUs and patients cared for in this setting, which warrant unique implementation strategies and special considerations are discussed. We summarize current antibiotic use metrics for assessment of responses to stewardship interventions and changes over time, and review evidence-based infection prevention practices in the NICU. Current recommendations for empiric antibiotic use in the NICU and the utility of infection biomarkers are summarized. Lastly, given the growing global threat of increasing antibiotic resistance, specific threats in the NICU are highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666241258386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T03:10:10Z","timestamp":1717557010000},"page":"862-875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Antibiotic Stewardship in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2883-4683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dustin D","family":"Flannery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A","family":"Coggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra K","family":"Medoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.08.075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1361933"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.23-10-e756"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.23-10-e738"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01861-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.19-9-e516"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000178064.55193.1c"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-0115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-320217"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2021.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3902"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.714987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2014.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0707"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181b12484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1707"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Core Elements of Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship Programs | Antibiotic Use | CDC. Accessed October 10 2023. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/antibiotic-use\/core-elements\/hospital.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw217"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/664922"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/664909"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2016.82"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.2012.01163.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.73"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2012.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2021.101217"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2011.39"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100727"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","article-title":"Physicians\u2019 ability to diagnose sepsis in newborns and critically ill children","volume":"6","author":"Fischer JE","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fischer JE. Physicians\u2019 ability to diagnose sepsis in newborns and critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2005;6(3 Suppl):S120-S125. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.PCC.0000161583.34305.A0","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1322060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2021.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1373844"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.09.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2677"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2894"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","article-title":"Management of neonates born at \u226434 6\/7 weeks\u2019 gestation with suspected or proven early-onset bacterial sepsis","volume":"142","author":"Puopolo KM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Puopolo KM, Benitz WE, Zaoutis TE. Management of neonates born at \u226434 6\/7 weeks\u2019 gestation with suspected or proven early-onset bacterial sepsis. Pediatrics. 2018;142(6).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-023-01634-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","first-page":"275","article-title":"Reducing duration of antibiotic use for presumed neonatal early-onset sepsis in Greek NICUs. A \u201clow-hanging fruit\u201d approach","volume":"10","author":"Kopsidas I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kopsidas I, Tsopela GC, Molocha NM, et al. Reducing duration of antibiotic use for presumed neonatal early-onset sepsis in Greek NICUs. A \u201clow-hanging fruit\u201d approach. Antibiot (Basel, Switzerland). 2021;10(3):275. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ANTIBIOTICS10030275","journal-title":"."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30205-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.5684"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2022.246"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-052360"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2963"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.05.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.07.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00057.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.02.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1112812"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.07.060"},{"issue":"01","key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","article-title":"Neonatal candidiasis: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment","volume":"69","author":"Greenberg RG","year":"2014","unstructured":"Greenberg RG, Benjamin DK. Neonatal candidiasis: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. J Infect. 2014;69(01):S19-S22. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JINF.2014.07.012","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2013.56.2.68"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2007.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/sper.2002.36264"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0146-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.1539"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-00829-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq400"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2012.32"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1232"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00e4is\u00e4nen L Viljakainen H Sarkkola C Kolho K-L. Perinatal risk factors for pediatric onset type 1 diabetes autoimmune thyroiditis juvenile idiopathic arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-021-03987-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-03987-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02188-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.2905"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-040295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.6287"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piu086"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2014-0126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.4719"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piv013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.4726"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-022-01057-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.62.7.727"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","first-page":"518","article-title":"Antibiotic stewardship challenges in a referral neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"33","author":"Shipp KD","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shipp KD, Chiang T, Karasick S, Quick K, Nguyen ST, Cantey JB. Antibiotic stewardship challenges in a referral neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Perinatol. 2016;33(5):518-524. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0035-1569990","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-023-01720-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2020.151329"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3280-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40506-014-0015-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3409"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-0589"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho T Buus-Frank ME Edwards EM et al. Adherence of newborn-specific antibiotic stewardship programs to CDC recommendations. Accessed November 21 2018. https:\/\/www.aappublications.org\/news","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-4322"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2017.94"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/677633"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0933-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.106710"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahart AC Mcpherson Pharmd CC Gerber JS Warner BB Lee Mph BR Newland JG. Application of an antibiotic spectrum index in the neonatal intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2019;40(10):1181-1183. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2019.221","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2019.221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.467"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2018-0265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ash.2023.143"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2021-006253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.4826"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001063420103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199407000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","unstructured":"ABCs Bact Facts Interactive Data Dashboard | CDC. Accessed October 24 2023. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/abcs\/bact-facts-interactive-dashboard.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2017.108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2018.81"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2015.316"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182011d12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.06.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2020.151327"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2022.304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.953"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3642"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2873"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-2997-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2011.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2005.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-058813"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003380"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01745-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","article-title":"Antibiotic regimens for early-onset neonatal sepsis","volume":"5","author":"Korang SK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Korang SK, Safi S, Nava C, et al. Antibiotic regimens for early-onset neonatal sepsis. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2021;5(5). doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD013837.PUB2","journal-title":"Cochrane database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002632"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14934"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01709-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-062223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02484"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","article-title":"Antibiotic regimens for late-onset neonatal sepsis","volume":"5","author":"Korang SK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Korang SK, Safi S, Nava C, et al. Antibiotic regimens for late-onset neonatal sepsis. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2021;5(5). doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD013836.PUB2","journal-title":"Cochrane database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-018-0145-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2010.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-323416"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318256905c"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31825691e4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.5669"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0363-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.4.e41"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa876"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2014.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000371"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ020","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in children: old foe, emerging threat","volume":"60","author":"Lukac PJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lukac PJ, Bonomo RA, Logan LK. Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in children: old foe, emerging threat. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(9):1389-1397. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/civ020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piu014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00332"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2018.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2308"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2022.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70600-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AAP Comm. on Fetus and Newborn; ACOG Comm. on Obstetric Practice. Guidelines for Perinatal Care. 2017. American Academy of Pediatrics. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/9781610020886","DOI":"10.1542\/9781610020886"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.51"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0000000000000312"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intensive Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08850666241258386","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08850666241258386","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08850666241258386","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:58:06Z","timestamp":1777503486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08850666241258386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08850666241258386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08850666241258386","relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-0666","1525-1489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-0666","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]}}}