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The inflammatory response following TBI plays a crucial role in patient outcomes, presenting both protective and potentially detrimental effects. This narrative review examines the current evidence regarding the role of nutritional supplements in modulating the inflammatory response after TBI. Recent research has demonstrated that various nutritional interventions, including probiotics, immunonutrition formulas, vitamin D, and taurine supplementation, can significantly influence inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes. Probiotics have shown particular promise in reducing inflammatory mediators and infection rates, while also decreasing hospital and ICU length of stay. Immunonutrition, especially through vitamin D supplementation, demonstrates significant effects on consciousness levels and ventilation requirements. The timing of nutritional intervention emerges as critical, with the early post-injury period (24-72\u2005h) representing a crucial window for therapeutic intervention. The gut-brain axis appears central to these effects, with nutritional supplements potentially modulating both central and systemic inflammatory responses. While these interventions show promising results in reducing inflammatory markers and improving short-term outcomes, their impact on mortality rates remains limited. Future research should focus on optimizing nutritional protocols, understanding individual patient factors, and investigating long-term functional outcomes. This review supports a paradigm shift in approaching nutritional support in TBI, transitioning from viewing it as merely supportive care to recognizing it as an active therapeutic intervention that can significantly influence patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666251337378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T02:46:14Z","timestamp":1745808374000},"page":"807-813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Immunomodulatory Effects of Nutritional Supplements in Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5764-6118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Zanza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Medicine Residency Program, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaroslava","family":"Longhitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Planinsic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Voza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine Residency Program\u2013IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfredi","family":"Tesauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Medicine Residency Program, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, University of Turin, Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Rubulotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care 1, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico, Catania, Italy"},{"name":"University of Catania"},{"name":"IWIN Foundation, Agira, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2156-7554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"La Via","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care 1, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico, Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102609"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60864-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533608326060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2010.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1984.60.2.0219"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/epidemiologia5030032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17188-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.17927"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607111416122"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Initial free cortisol dynamics following blunt multiple trauma and traumatic brain injury: A clinical study","volume":"47","author":"Sharma S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma S, Khurana L, Sharma N, Kumar V, Bisht A, Kusmenkov T. 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