{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:16:11Z","timestamp":1788520571179,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR002345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR002345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intensive Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our primary objective was to determine differences in benzodiazepine doses given for tolerance of mechanical ventilation based on age cohorts in a pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) population. We hypothesized younger subjects would see increased doses of benzodiazepines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a single center, retrospective cohort study of mechanically ventilated pediatric ICU patients receiving benzodiazepines. The primary outcome was a difference in midazolam and lorazepam dose intensity (mg\/kg\/day) between age cohorts. Primary outcomes were analyzed using an unadjusted linear mixed-effects model with random subject effect. If the model was significant, we performed multivariable regression analysis. When the overall adjusted model was significant, Tukey-adjusted pairwise comparisons were performed, and geometric mean ratio and 95% CI were estimated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The initial query returned 790 encounters across 747 unique subjects who received benzodiazepines. Dose intensity was calculated for midazolam and lorazepam. After adjusting for degree of illness, PIM3, and indication for mechanical ventilation, infants received, on average, 2.55 higher midazolam dose intensity ((1.30, 5.00),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.01) than older childhood subjects and preschool-aged subjects received 2.95 higher midazolam dose intensity ((1.50, 5.81),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.01) than older childhood subjects. Infants received 1.53 times higher lorazepam dose intensity than elementary-aged subjects ((1.03, 2.30),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.03) and 1.98 times higher lorazepam dose intensity than older childhood subjects ((1.39, 2.82),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study demonstrates among children receiving benzodiazepines to tolerate endotracheal intubation, children less than five years of age receive significantly higher benzodiazepine dose intensity than many of their older pediatric counterparts. Given the negative impact of sedative agents on developing brains and the increased risk of delirium with benzodiazepines, further investigation into variation in sedative dosing, including pharmacogenomics and differences in patient-centered clinical outcomes, is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666261432099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T10:20:42Z","timestamp":1773742842000},"page":"1022-1029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Age-Related Differences in Benzodiazepine Dosing for Mechanically Ventilated Pediatric ICU Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4703-2937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda R.","family":"Kolmar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo A.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin P.","family":"Guilliams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002956"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10091847"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318298a139"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002873"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.46545"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182783b72"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62072-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.713668"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.777404"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000365074"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2023.962783"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24601"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207817"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16251-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002052.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04554-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017405"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"516","article-title":"Piaget\u2019s cognitive developmental theory: Critical review","volume":"2","author":"Babakr Z","year":"2019","unstructured":"Babakr Z, Mohamedamin P, Kakamad K. Piaget\u2019s cognitive developmental theory: Critical review. Educ Q Rev. 2019;2(2):516\u2013524.","journal-title":"Educ Q Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Risk factors of unplanned extubation in pediatric intensive care unit","volume":"12","author":"Razavi SS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Razavi SS, Nejad RA, Mohajerani SA, Talebian M. Risk factors of unplanned extubation in pediatric intensive care unit. Tanaffos. 2013;12(3):11\u201316.","journal-title":"Tanaffos"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2004.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003194"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000003196"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.72121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000001255"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050317"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics9020014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37573\/9781585284306"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001430"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17085\/apm.22215"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5863\/1551-6776-22.1.81"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000001214"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S103156"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200645110-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12112797"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002813"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000960"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.1480"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201810-1881OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666231194534"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006251"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-021-00437-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-022-02980-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/PIC-13060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IPRP.S64535"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0993"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intensive Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08850666261432099","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08850666261432099","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08850666261432099","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T10:26:55Z","timestamp":1788517615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08850666261432099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08850666261432099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08850666261432099","relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-0666","1525-1489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-0666","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]}}}