{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:08:09Z","timestamp":1787018889554,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]],"date-time":"2013-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomater Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The main purpose of this study was to prepare binary lipids-based nanostructured lipid carriers to improve the oral bioavailability of silymarin, a poorly water-soluble liver protectant. Silymarin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers were prepared by the method of high-pressure homogenization with glycerol distearates (Precirol ATO-5) and oleic acid as the solid and liquid lipids, respectively, and lecithin (Lipoid E 100) and Tween-80 as the emulsifiers. The silymarin-nanostructured lipid carrier prepared under optimum conditions was spherical in shape with mean particle size of \u223c78.87\u2009nm, entrapment efficiency of 87.55%, loading capacity of 8.32%, and zeta potential of \u221265.3\u2009mV, respectively. In\u00a0vitro release of silymarin-nanostructured lipid carriers was very limited even after 12\u2009h, while in\u00a0vitro lipolysis showed fast digestion of nanostructured lipid carriers within 1\u2009h. Relative oral bioavailability of silymarin-nanostructured lipid carriers in Beagle dogs was 2.54- and 3.10-fold that of marketed Legalon\u00ae and silymarin solid dispersion pellets, respectively. It was concluded that nanostructured lipid carriers were potential drug delivery systems to improve the bioavailability of silymarin. Other than improved dissolution, alternative mechanisms such as facilitated absorption as well as lymphatic transport may contribute to bioavailability enhancement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328213485141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]],"date-time":"2013-09-05T21:34:46Z","timestamp":1378416886000},"page":"887-896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Binary lipids-based nanostructured lipid carriers for improved oral bioavailability of silymarin"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Mingzhu","family":"Shangguan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of Ministry of Education and PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of Ministry of Education and PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of Ministry of Education and PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of Ministry of Education and PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunchang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of Ministry of Education and PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuqiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of Ministry of Education and PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.107.017566"},{"key":"bibr2-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2006.11.008"},{"key":"bibr3-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abenavoli L, Milic N and Capasso F. Anti-oxidant therapy in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the role of silymarin.\n                      Endocrine\n                      2012; 42: 754\u2013755.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9677-0"},{"key":"bibr4-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.8265"},{"key":"bibr5-0885328213485141","first-page":"410","volume":"3","author":"Luper S","year":"1998","journal-title":"Altern Med Rev"},{"key":"bibr6-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i18.2288"},{"key":"bibr7-0885328213485141","unstructured":"Rainone F. Milk thistle.\n                      Am Fam Physician\n                      2005; 72: 1285\u20131288."},{"key":"bibr8-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pepping J. Milk thistle:\n                      Silybum marianum\n                      .\n                      Am J Health Syst Pharm\n                      1999; 56: 1195\u20131197.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/56.12.1195"},{"key":"bibr9-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2005.12.005"},{"key":"bibr10-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-010-9432-x"},{"key":"bibr11-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02977782"},{"key":"bibr12-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.02.011"},{"key":"bibr13-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1034294"},{"key":"bibr14-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-011-9666-2"},{"key":"bibr15-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.03.037"},{"key":"bibr16-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2005.10.001"},{"key":"bibr17-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2007.024"},{"key":"bibr18-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2197"},{"key":"bibr19-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(00)00378-1"},{"key":"bibr20-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920012800166526"},{"key":"bibr21-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(02)00118-7"},{"key":"bibr22-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03639040802130061"},{"key":"bibr23-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-010-9563-0"},{"key":"bibr24-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.05.005"},{"key":"bibr25-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2012.704096"},{"key":"bibr26-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2010.489559"},{"key":"bibr27-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2007.07.006"},{"key":"bibr28-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(00)00087-4"},{"key":"bibr29-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehnert W and Mader K. Solid lipid nanoparticles: production, characterization and applications.\n                      Adv Drug Deliv Rev\n                      2001; 47: 165-196.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00105-3"},{"key":"bibr30-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2007.05.029"},{"key":"bibr31-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026520499289185"},{"key":"bibr32-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00182-X"},{"key":"bibr33-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PHAM.0000036914.22132.cc"},{"key":"bibr34-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2010.06.008"},{"key":"bibr35-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.04.012"},{"key":"bibr36-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.03.002"},{"key":"bibr37-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(96)00489-9"},{"key":"bibr38-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2008.03.021"},{"key":"bibr39-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21246"},{"key":"bibr40-0885328213485141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.09.007"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomaterials Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0885328213485141","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0885328213485141","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0885328213485141","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:52:45Z","timestamp":1777492365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0885328213485141"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0885328213485141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0885328213485141","relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3282","1530-8022"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3282","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8022","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]]}}}