{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:15:40Z","timestamp":1790727340753,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,26]],"date-time":"2013-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372204800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomater Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sternotomy and sternal closure occur prior to and post cardiac surgery, respectively. Although post-operative complications associated with poor sternal fixation can result in morbidity, mortality, and considerable resource utilization, sternotomy is preferred over other methods such as lateral thoracotomy. Rigid sternal fixation is associated with stability and reduced incidence of post-operative complications. This is a comprehensive review of the literature evaluating in\u00a0vivo, in\u00a0vitro, and clinical responses to applying commercial and experimental surgical tools for sternal fixation after median sternotomy. Wiring, interlocking, plate-screw, and cementation techniques have been examined for closure, but none have experienced widespread adoption. Although all techniques have their advantages, serious post-operative complications were associated with the use of wiring and\/or plating techniques in high-risk patients. A fraction of studies have analyzed the use of sternal interlocking systems and only a single study analyzed the effect of using kryptonite cement with wires. Plating and interlocking techniques are superior to wiring in terms of stability and reduced rate of post-operative complications; however, further clinical studies and long-term follow-up are required. The ideal sternal closure should ensure stability, reduced rate of post-operative complications, and a short hospitalization period, alongside cost-effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328213495426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]],"date-time":"2013-06-28T20:40:37Z","timestamp":1372452037000},"page":"483-497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["A review of sternal closure techniques"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Adel MF","family":"Alhalawani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark R","family":"Towler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0885328213495426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(92)90293-D"},{"key":"bibr2-0885328213495426","first-page":"104","volume":"7","author":"David A","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"bibr3-0885328213495426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(00)00319-5"},{"key":"bibr4-0885328213495426","first-page":"99","volume":"7","author":"Choukairi F","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"bibr5-0885328213495426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.147.1.72"},{"key":"bibr6-0885328213495426","volume-title":"Human anatomy and physiology","author":"Marieb EN","year":"2013","edition":"9"},{"key":"bibr7-0885328213495426","unstructured":"Pai S.\n                      In\u00a0vivo characterization of respiratory forces on the sternal midline following median sternotomy\n                      . Master thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA, 2005."},{"key":"bibr8-0885328213495426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8090-3-52"},{"key":"bibr9-0885328213495426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)03389-6"},{"key":"bibr10-0885328213495426","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(99)00014-7"},{"key":"bibr11-0885328213495426","unstructured":"Hatcher B. 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