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As there is no standardized methodology, we propose a novel method using reproducible and pathologically representative flow models to study the influence of cement properties on injection behaviour. The models, confined between an upper glass window and a lower aluminium plate, were filled with bone marrow substitute and then injected (4, 6 and 8\u2009min after cement mixing) with commercially available bone cements (SimplexP, Opacity+, OsteopalV and Parallax) at a constant flow rate (3\u2009mL\/min). A load cell was used to measure the force applied on the syringe plunger and calculate the peak pressure. A camera was used to monitor the cement flow during injection and calculate the following parameters when the cement had reached the boundary of the models: the time to reach the boundary, the filled area and the roundness. The peak pressure was comparable to that reported during clinical vertebroplasty and showed a similar increase with injection time. The study highlighted the influence of cement formulations and model structure on the injection behaviour and showed that cements with similar composition\/particle size had similar flow behaviour, while the introduction of defects reduced the time to reach the boundary, the filled area and the roundness. The proposed method provides a novel tool for quick, robust differentiation between various cement formulations through the visualization and quantitative analysis of the cement spreading at various time intervals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328214537858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]],"date-time":"2014-06-10T00:10:07Z","timestamp":1402359007000},"page":"582-594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessing cement injection behaviour in cancellous bone: An in vitro study using flow models"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Antony","family":"Bou-Francis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Persson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard M","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikil","family":"Kapur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tvir.2009.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b77895"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2004.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0257(01)00191-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470380802"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4003735"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.144535"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2012.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.4.SPINE12978"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1010341"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.200.2.8685351"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-0443(07)61584-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.173.6.10584820"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b63673"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"26","article-title":"Cement leakage and filling pattern study of low viscous vertebroplastic versus high viscous confidence dement","volume":"4","author":"Habib M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Habib M, Serhan H, Marchek C, . 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